Residual effects of applied

Gupta (1979) reported that Mo applications of 400 g ha- corrected Mo deficiencies in forage crops for 3 years in eastern Canada. In contrast, Jones and Ruckman (1973) noted a continuing response by subterranean clover for 8 years after Mo application at 280gha in California. Residual effects of applied Mo were evident in tobacco plants in the second year after application on only one of two acidic soils in Maryland (Khan, 1991). 

The residual effects of applied Mo will vary for different soil types, and Mo may have to be applied annually. Riley (1987) summarized the data from a 3-year study and reported that Mo applied at a rate of 75gha would give, during the second year, only 86% of the yield seen during the first year. But the residual effects of Mo application at a rate of 140gha" gave maximum wheat yields for 15 years. The decline in the... 

In conducting studies on Mo applications and other treatments (e.g., lime) designed to alleviate Mo deficiencies, we must pay due attention in our experimental designs to calculating the residual effects of applied Mo. These are usually substantial, and thus a major limitation to legume production in acid soils can be overcome by judicious application of only small quantities of Mo. Because of the threat of molybdenosis, it is also important to avoid excessive applications aimed at prolonging the residual effects. 

Boron - Recommended boron application rates range from 0.5 to 2.0 1 /ha and should be carefully followed [10]. Crop species vary considerably in their boron requirement as well as in their tolerance to overapplications. Residual effects of applied boron also vary with soil conditions, with the lowest effects found on acidic sandy soils in areas of high rainfall. Some crops with high boron requirements are alfalfa, cotton, peanuts, irrigated corn, root crops, soybean, and some fruits and vegetables. 

Zinc - Deficiencies of zinc are more widespread than those of the other micronutrients. Deficiencies occur in many soil types with pH levels > 6.0, especially in soils with low organic matter 111]. As with copper, residual effects of applied zinc are substantial, with responses found at least 5 years after application. Recommended zinc appUc on rates range from 1 to 10 kg/ha 13]. Some crops with hi zinc requirements are corn, citrus, field beans, rice, and some fruits and vegetables. 

The effect of applied plant residues can be positively influenced by an increase of temperature. Mallek et al. (2007) established that dried and milled crop residues of onion (Allium cepa L.) or garlic (A. sativum L.) were able to reduce seed germination of barnyard grass (E. crus-galli (L.) R Beauv.), common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.), london rocket (Sisymbrium irio L.) during their decomposition in soil, but only at the elevated (39°C) soil temperature. It can support combination of methods for weed control, in this case allelopathy with soil heating treatments (e.g., solarization). 

Transparency, gloss, color, refractive index, and reflectance are the properties normally associated with aesthetics of plastic materials. In some areas, changes in optical properties, increases in haze after abrasion testing (285), color differences after weathering, and birefringence analysis of residual stress within a transparent part (286) are all used to measure the effects of applied stresses. Measurements of color, gloss, refractive index, and haze apply to many products beyond plastics and use similar techniques. Reference should be made to this general topic for detailed information (see Color). 

The residual effects of Mo fertilizers are related to the reactions of the applied Mo with the soil. Mo removal by cropping and by grazing animals, and the extent of Mo leaching from the root zone. One of the earliest reports of marked residual effects from applied Mo was by Anderson (1956). Growth effects due to Mo application at 70gha to subterranean clover Trifolum subterraneum L.) pastures were still evident after 10 years. 

Evidence of variable residual effects of Mo was reported by Riley (1987). Whereas an application of Mo at llOgha to an acidic soil in Western Australia provided sufficient Mo for wheat for 15 years, application of Mo to another soil at 140 g ha was effective for only 1 year. The different degrees of effectiveness of Mo applications in various soils have been found to be closely related to the degree of soil adsorption of Mo. Barrow et al. (1985) concluded that the effectiveness of applied Mo decreased about 50% annually so residual responses may be significant for only a few years after application. 

Copper - Most copper deficiencies are found on organic soils and on sandy soils. Recommended copper application rates range from 1 to 10 kg/ha. Residual effects of copper are very marked, with responses being noted up to 8 years after application, so annual ap-plicationsnsually are not necessary [3]. Soil tests should be used to monitor the copper buildup in soils where copper is applied. Some crops with high copper requirements are cereals, corn, clover, and some fruits and vegetables. 

Results presented in this paper concern the effect of applied pressure gradient and gravity on residual nonwetting phase saturations for systems in which there is complete wetting, the fluid-fluid properties are held constant, and the porous media (random packings of equal spheres) are geometrically similar. 

The components can be tested for SCC to evaluate the effects of applied and residual manufacturing tensile stresses leakage resistance after salt spray or temperature-humidity cycling tests and contact resistance after a salt spray test, temperature-humidity cycling, or a hydrogen sulfide exposure test. 

Inevitably, there will be a residual effect after applying structural compensation techniques for which it cannot cater, and this residual effect will vary between nominally identical sensors. Further techniques of minor adjustment are thus needed to minimise the residue. The term tailored compensation refers to trimming techniques that require action determined by the individual sensor and not the overall design, a major cost item in the traditional industry. 

Stresses from welding result principally from the effects of differential thermal expansion and contraction arising from the large temperature difference between the weld bead and the relatively cold adjacent base metal. Shrinkage of the weld metal during solidification can also induce high residual stresses. Unless these residual stresses are removed, they remain an intrinsic condition of the weldment apart from any applied stresses imposed as a result of equipment operation. 

Theoretically, the effects of the manufacturing process on the material property distribution can be determined, shown here for the case when Normal distribution applies. For an additive case of a residual stress, it follows that from the algebra of random variables (Carter, 1997) ... 

In some cases, plasticization of a PSA may be detrimental to its performance. A well-known example is the deterioration of the performance of an adhesive applied to plasticized PVC. Migration of the plasticizer from the flexible vinyl into the PSA often softens the adhesive to the point where it fails cohesively from the vinyl, leaving sticky residue behind during removal of the adhesive-coated article from the substrate. One way to address this detrimental effect of plasticizer migration is to formulate an already plasticized PSA, perhaps because a better balance exists between the plasticizer in the PVC substrate and the PSA in contact with it [101]. 

A limited degree of control over the corrosivity of the product packed is possible. Minor pH adjustments may be helpful, especially in ensuring an anodic relation of tin to steel corrosion promoters, like nitrate, sulphur and copper may be excluded from necessary additives, such as water and sugar, and from sprays applied to crops approaching harvest. The effect of sulphur compounds which may remain from spray residues is complex but often includes reversal of the tin-iron polarity. 

Therefore, the following method was suggested and realized (the scheme is shown in Fig. 17). A 1.5 M solution of KCl or NaCl (the effect of preventing BR solubility of these salts is practically the same) was used as a subphase. A platinum electrode was placed in the subphase. A flat metal electrode, with an area of about 70% of the open barriered area, was placed about 1.5-2 mm above the subphase surface. A positive potential of +50 -60 V was applied to this electrode with respect to the platinum one. Then BR solution was injected with a syringe into the water subphase in dark conditions. The system was left in the same conditions for electric field-induced self-assembly of the membrane fragments for 1 hour. After this, the monolayer was compressed to 25 mN/m surface pressure and transferred onto the substrate (porous membrane). The residual salt was washed with water. The water was removed with a nitrogen jet. 

Spectrofluorometry presents sensitivity and selectivity greater than the absorbance spectroscopy, being more suitable for chlorophyll estimates in the nmol range and for residual amounts of derivatives in food products. Absorbance spectroscopy is satisfactory for concentrations > 1 xMP Spectrofluorometry is also more accurate for a wide range of chlorophyll a-to-chlorophyll b ratios, but it is less accurate when applied to complex sample matrices because of unpredictable quenching effects. 

M. J. Brimecombe, F. A. A. M. De Leij, and J. M. Lynch. Effect of genetically modified Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on the uptake of nitrogen by pea from N enriched organic residues. Letters in Applied Microbiology 26 155 (1998). 

Aldrin, like chlordan, exhibits residual effectiveness under field conditions for somewhat less than 3 weeks. Even when aldrin is applied at the uneconomical and unnecessary rate of 5 pounds per acre, leafy material so treated exhibits only slight insect toxicity after 3 weeks. Aldrin, therefore, falls into that class of materials which exhibit pronounced initial toxicity but relatively short residual action. 

---