Subterranean clover

Abstract This chapter describes the underlying criteria and assumption in the development and execution of field and associated laboratory bioassays. It provides details and commentary regarding the materials and methods used. More specifically, describes how glyphosate-desiccated wheat and other cover crops (crimson clover, subterranean clover, and rye) in no-till systems can directly and indirectly influence morningglory, pigweed, and prickly sida seedling emergence, with emphasis on the role of phenolic acids in plant residues and soil. 

BENNETT H w, UNDERWOOD E J, SHIER F L (1946) A Specific breeding problem of sheep on subterranean clover pastures in Western Australia. Austral Vet J. 22 2-12. 

BRADBURY RB and WHITE D E (1951) The chemistry of subterranean clover. Parti. Isolation of formononetin and genistein. J Chem Soc. 12 3447-9. 

A. E. Richardson and R. J. Simpson, Enumeration and distribution of Rliizobiwii Irifolii under a subterranean clover-based pasture growing in an acid soil. Soil Biol. Biociwm. 20 431-438 (1988). 

MORRIS, A.C., DJORDEVIC, M.A., Proteome analysis of cultivar-specific interactions between Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii and subterranean clover cultivar Woogenenellup, Electrophoresis, 2001, 22, 586-598. 

Howe JA, Loeppert RH, DeRose VJ, Hunter DB, Bertsch PM. Localization and speciation of chromium in subterranean clover using XRF, XANES, and EPR spectroscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003 37 4091 1097. 

In the mid-1940s it was reported that ewes grazing on subterranean clover in western Australia become sterile (Bennetts et ah, 1946). This effect has not been observed for other species being fed isoflavones and or in humans on high-soy diets (Munro et ah, 2003). 

In Australia, lambing in sheep has dropped to as little as 30% after grazing on subterranean clover. Trifolium subterraneum. The clover contains the isoflavonoids formononetin and genistein (Fig. 11.11). These compounds mimic the steroidal nucleus of the natural female hormone estrone. Alfalfa, M. sativa, and ladino clover. Trifolium repens, contain the even more potent isoflavonoid coumestrol. It is 30 times more active than genistein or formononetin, but occurs in lower concentrations in the plant (Shutt, 1976). 

Slattery, J. F. and Coventry, D. R. 1995. Acid-tolerance and symbiotic effectiveness of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii isolated from subterranean clover growing in permanent pastures. Soil Biology and Biocheistry, 27 111-115. 

Phytoestrogens can cause infertility in some animals and thus concerns have been raised over their consumption by human infants. The isoflavones found in a subterranean clover species (in Western Australia) have been identified as the agents responsible for an infertility... 

Wang, S.F., Ridsdill-Smith, T.J., and Ghisalberti, E.L., Role of isoflavonoids in resistance of subterranean clover trifoliates to the redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor, J. Chem. Ecol., 24, 2089, 1998. 

Dear, B. S. and J. Lipsett. 1987. The effect of boron supply on the growth and seed production of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.). Aust. Jour. Agric. Res. 38 537-546. 

Pairunan, A.K., Robson, A.D. and Abbott, L.K. 1980. The effectiveness of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas in increasing growth and phosphorus uptake of subterranean clover from phosphorus sources of different solubilities. New Phytologist 84 327-338. 

The case history of sub-clover (Trifolium subterranean) as an important pasture legume is of special interest, as an involuntary migrant from the Northern to the Southern hemisphere, the phenomenal success of which depended on inoculation. 

Nutman, P.S. (1967). Varietal differences in the nodulation of subterranean clover. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 18, 381-425. 

Enache, A.J. and R.D. Ilnicki (1990). Weed control by subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) used as a living mulch. Weed Technol., 4 534-538. 

Many compounds with phytoalexin activity are also implicated in allelopathy between plants (Rice, 1984). For example, isoflavonoids are important phytoalexins (Ingham, 1982 Paxton, 1981 Dakora and Phillips, 1996) and allelochemicals (Tamura et al. 1967 1969) from the Leguminosae. Parbery et al. (1984) found that the isoflavonoids biochanin A, formononetin and genistein increased in subterranean clover by 62%, 123% and 75% respectively following infection by pepper spot (Leptosphaerulina trifolii). In comparison, Tamura et al. (1967 1969) isolated a succession of isoflavonoids (including biochanin A, formononetin and genistein) from the shoots of red clover (Trifolium pratense) that inhibited its own germination by 50% at concentrations of 50 ppm. 

Groves, R.H., Williams, J.D. Growth of skeleton weed (Chondrilla juncea L.) as affected by growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and infection by Puccinia chondrillina Bubak and Syd. Aust J Agri Res 1975 36 975-983. 

Parbery, D.G., Gardner, W.K., Golebiowski, T. Stimulation of isoflavonoid content in subterranean clover by infection with a fungus. J Aus Inst AgriSci 1984 50 114-116. 

Quigley, P.E. Effects of Neotyphodium lolii infection and sowing rate of perennial ryegrass (Loliumperenne) on the dynamics of ryegrass/subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) swards. Aust J Agri Res 2000 51 47-56. 

Whitten, M.G. and Ritchie, G.S.R (1991) Calcium chloride-extractable cadmium as an estimate of cadmium uptake by subterranean clover. Austral. J. Soil Res., 29, 215-221. 

---