Research and development potential

Finally there are research approaches that could enable a higher ethanol yield to be achieved the use of alternative microbial strains is here just as valid an approach as the optimizing of existing through metabolic engineering. 

Also the use of mixed cultures, that is, two different species used together in fermentation can increase the resultant ethanol output. In addition to varying and optimizing the microorganism used, process management plays an important role in the ethanol yield. In this context it is possible via vacuum fermentation, in-situ-product-removal (ISPR), or integrated process management, to keep the 

Substrate availability from cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin 

Changes in the plant material (reduced lignin content or separation from the lignin) 

Formation of inhibitors avoiding/ improved detoxification processes 

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Usefulness in patent law, and in particular in the context of pharmaceutical inventions, necessarily includes the expectation of further research and development. The stage at which an invention in this field becomes useful is well before it is ready to be administered to humans. Were we to require Phase II testing in order to prove utility, the associated costs would prevent many companies from obtaining patent protection on promising new inventions, thereby eliminating an incentive to pursue, through research and development, potential cures in many crucial areas such as the treatment of cancer. 

Table 5.10 summarizes the individual process limitations and the associated research and development potential. 

Posner, G. S. (1978). Tools for curriculum research and development Potential contributions from cognitive science. Curriculum Inquiry, 8,4, pp. 311-340. 

A.luminum Hydride. Aluminum hydride is a relatively unstable polymeric covalent hydride that received considerable attention in the mid-1960s because of its potential as a high energy additive to soHd rocket propellants. The projected uses, including aluminum plating, never materialized, and in spite of intense research and development, commercial manufacture has not been undertaken. The synthetic methods developed were cosdy, eg. 

Active carbons can be used in both refrigeration and heat pumping cycles, but their potential for use in these applications does not necessarily merit the development of such systems. Before devoting research and development effort into active carbon-based thermodynamic cycles, the interest in both heat-driven cycles in general, and adsorption cycles in particular, must be justified. 

Much of this chemistry is still at an early stage of research, and there are few, if any, commercial applications. However, the potential environmental and safety benefits of these and other innovative chemical synthesis techniques will encourage further research and development. 

Davis, G. A., L. Kincaid, D. Menke, B. Griffith, S. Jones, K. Brown, and M. Goergen (1994). The Product Side of Pollution Prevention Evaluating the Potential for Safe Substitutes. Cincinnati, Ohio Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 

The material development associations and manufacturers have, by their own research and development, accumulated a great deal of information about their own product and this is transmitted directly to potential users of their materials. 

The expenditure, and potential savings estimated by the UK Committee on Corrosion for a variety of industries are shown in Table 9.1. The savings shown are those which could be made by better use of available knowledge, and do not include the potential benefit of future research and development. The costs referred to are mainly those arising in the industries concerned, or, in certain cases, sustained by users of the products because of the need for protection, maintenance and replacement of the materials of construction. In the oil and chemical industries the costs of using corrosion resistant... 

The proplnts described above are in the realm of prior art and depict those NC proplnts with low smoke potential that are used primarily as gun proplnts. Recent research and development work has been concentrated on creating both gun proplnts and rocket proplnts with reduced smoke output in order to foil countermeasures. Lavitt (Ref 76) found that the concurrent use of optimum proportions of lead stearate and sodium barbiturate in double-base proplnts resulted in a marked reduction in smoke output. This was attributed to the synergistic interaction of the two salts to produce more complete oxidation of the exhaust products. The importance of using the optimum ratio of the two catalysts is demonstrated by the higher smoke values shown in Table 4 for Propellants 105, 106 and 107, when compared to other... 

The enormous efforts put into the basic research and development of conducting polymers are naturally related to hopes of feasible technical apphcations The starting point of this development was the discovery that PA can fimction as an active electrode in a rechargeable polymer battery. Since then, the prospects of technical application have grown considerably Apart from the battery electrode, conducting polymers are discussed as potential electrochromic displays... 

Feedstock recycling processes for treating PVC rich waste streams should be eapable of recovering both the chlorine and hydrocarbon contents. ECVM sponsored research and development work to identify potential technologies for building a pilot plant is described. 3 refs. 

In conclusion, it is likely that computational approaches for metabolism prediction will continue to be developed and integrated with other algorithms for pharmaceutical research and development, which may in turn ultimately aid in their more widespread use in both industry and academia. Such models may already be having some impact when integrated with bioanalytical approaches to narrow the search for possible metabolites that are experimentally observed. Software that can be updated by the user as new metabolism information becomes available would also be of further potential value. The held of metabolism prediction has therefore advanced rapidly over the past decade, and it will be important to maintain this momentum in the future as the hndings from crystal structures for many discrete metabolic enzymes are integrated with the diverse types of computational models already derived. 

In this chapter, we describe some of the advances in biocomputation that have impacted or potentially will impact pharmaceutical research and development. We list them by biological size, going from the most to the least organized, or from the most complex to the least complex. We focus on clinical sciences in particular, because we feel that simplified, but useful representations of pharmacological interventions have the greatest potential for... 

BB-SFG, we have investigated CO adsorption on smooth polycrystaHine and singlecrystal electrodes that could be considered model surfaces to those apphed in fuel cell research and development. Representative data are shown in Fig. 12.16 the Pt nanoparticles were about 7 nm of Pt black, and were immobilized on a smooth Au disk. The electrolyte was CO-saturated 0.1 M H2SO4, and the potential was scanned from 0.19 V up to 0.64 V at 1 mV/s. The BB-SFG spectra (Fig. 12.16a) at about 2085 cm at 0.19 V correspond to atop CO [Arenz et al., 2005], with a Stark tuning slope of about 24 cm / V (Fig. 12.16b). Note that the Stark slope is lower than that obtained with Pt(l 11) (Fig. 12.9), for reasons to be further investigated. The shoulder near 2120 cm is associated with CO adsorbed on the Au sites [Bhzanac et al., 2004], and the broad background (seen clearly at 0.64 V) is from nomesonant SFG. The data shown in Figs. 12.4, 12.1 la, and 12.16 represent a hnk between smooth and nanostructure catalyst surfaces, and will be of use in our further studies of fuel cell catalysts in the BB-SFG IR perspective. 

Rosenblatt DH, Miller TA, Dacre JC, et al. 1975a. Problem definition studies on potential environmental pollutants. I. Toxicology and ecological hazards of 16 substances at the RMA. Technical Report 7508. U.S. Army Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD. 

Chewable tablets and sprinkle capsule formulations have been very well received by both patients and their parents for use in children with full dentition (older than 3 years, [75-77]. This is potentially a very fruitful area for future research and development. Pharmaceutical preparations developed for administration to young children need to have consistent bioavailability when administered with food [78]. 

The polyphosphazenes are high molecular weight polymers with a wide range of novel and potentially useful properties. The large number of different pendant groups with widely varied functionality which can be attached to the P-N backbone demonstrate the unusual molecular design potential of this class of polymers. Undoubtedly, some of these will hold promise for future research and development. 

P-N backbone demonstrate the unusual molecular design potential of this class of polymers. Undoubtedly, some of these will hold promise for future research and development. 

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