Reportable disease 378 INDEX

World Health Organization. Overcoming antimicrobial resistance. WHO Report on Infectious Diseases, (2000). www.who.int/infectiousdisease-report/2000/index.html... 

World Health Organization (2008) The global burden of disease 2004 update, Geneva, www. who.int/healthinfo/global burden disease/2004 report update/en/index.html... 

Another common liver disease, alcoholic liver damage produced by moderate to heavy alcoholic intake, is also reflected by an elevation of the serum GOT and GPT activities. The serim glutamyl transferase activity is reported to be a sensitive index of alcoholic intake and can serve to monitor persons on alcoholic withdrawal programs (60). The LD-5 isoenzyme arises mainly from liver tissue, but has a short half-life (61), which is about 1/5 and 1/2 of the half life of the transaminases, GPT and GOT respectively. Some authors consider that a normal LD-5 isoenzyme activity in a jaundiced patient is sufficient evidence to exclude primary liver disease and that obstruction is probably responsible for the jaundice (62). In hemolytic jaundice the LDH-1 and 2 isoenzymes are elevated. 

The ability of the liver to act as a depot for vitamin Bi2 (B28, G13) enables us to use this vitamin as an index of proper hepatic function. Hepatic disorders lead to an increased Bi2-binding in the serum (J5, R3), suggesting that the blood assumes a greater role in the conservation of B12. We have reported that patients with liver disease excreted invariably less than 10 fig of Bi2> 8 hours after a 50-[ig intramuscular load dose of the vitamin. In contrast, normal subjects excreted 24-40 pg, i.e., 50-80% of the vitamin in the same test (B14). These results were correlated with various chemical determinations indicative of hepatic disorders (Bl). In Table 16 the clinical diagnosis and the various liver-... 

In view of the reported growing importance ascribed to folic acid deficiency in the prevention of various disease conditions, such as neural tube defects, megaloblastic anemia, colon cancer, and colorectal cancer, a dissolution requirement is specified for folic acid when it is present in multivitamin-mineral combination products. Currently, the dissolution standard required in the official articles of dietary supplements (including vitamin-mineral combination products) places folic acid outside the index vitamin hierarchy. Therefore, a mandatory dissolution test for folic acid is required that is independent of and in addition to the mandatory index vitamin test for multivitamin preparations containing folic acid. 

Congressional Research Service (CRS). 2003. Mad cow disease and U.S. beef trade. CRS Report for Congress, www.ers.usda.gov/features/fse/index.htm (accessed July 4, 2007). 

Only two short-term prospective studies on the effect of soy on the breast have been performed to date. The first reported the effects of two weeks of soy supplementation on the breast of women who were due to have surgery for either benign or malignant breast disease (Hargreaves, 1999). Soy had no adverse effects on any histological index of proliferation. However, a rise of pS2 protein and lowering of apolipoprotein D was observed in the nipple aspirate of women taking soy compared with controls. (A similar effect has... 

Increasing pollution harms the natural world (flora and fauna). The consequences — such as global warming — can be serious and in some cases disastrous. By now we know that many illnesses are caused by the environment we live in — almost 24 percent of all diseases, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). A report compiled by WHO (www.who.int/mediacentre/ news/releases/2006/pr32/en/index.html) calls special attention to the two kinds of respiratory problems caused by indoor and outdoor environments. 

Tangier disease is an extremely rare genetic disorder with fewer than 100 cases reported since the index cases in 1961. Clinical signs and symptoms are variable and may depend on the age of the patients. For instance, signs of neuropathy were not observed in T. L. and E. L., in contrast to our 32-year-old patient. Assmann and colleagues (2001) have succinctly compiled the reported findings (Table 15-1), most of which are discussed here. 

World Health Organization. (2006a). Cumulative number of confirmed human cases of Avian influenza A/(H5N1) reported to WHO. Retrieved March 27, 2007 from http //www.who.int/ csr/disease/avianJnfluenza/country/cases.tableJ006.02 20/ en/index.html... 

Because tropicamide is reported to be devoid of vasopressor effects in adults, it is one of the safest mydriatic agents for use in patients with systemic hypertension, angina, or other cardiovascular disease. Tropicamide has also been shown to be the safest agent (as indexed by changes in blood pressure and heart rate) for dilated retinal examinations in neonates. Additional information on pupil dilation in infants may be foimd in Chapter 8. 

A study on diet and colon cancer was reported by W. Willett s group (Willett et at., 1990) (Table 11.3). The study examined various components of the diet, such as fiber, fat, and meat. The fiber component was divid into cereal fiber and fruit fiber. The fat component was divided into meat fat, dairy fat, saturated fat, and unsaturated fat. The meat component was divided into beef, pork, and lamb, and into rare versus well-done Styles of cooking. The body mass index, as defined in the Obesity chapter, was also recorded. The study was part of the Nurses Health Study Cohort, which was inibated in 1976 and involved 121,700 female nurses. Every 2 years, the nurses filled in a questionnaire that asked about various risk factors for disease. The questionnaire asked, for example, about 61 foods and their frequency In the diet. The foods were chosen to allow epidemiologists to make broad statements regarding the component nutrients. 

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