Pupils, dilation

Radial muscle of iris 2. 5hincter muscle of iris 3. Ciliary muscle Skin Contraction (pupil dilates) a Contraction (pupil constricts) Contraction... 

HEENT Scleral icterus, dry mucous membranes, pinpoint pupils, dilated and fixed pupils, nystagmus... 

Autonomic LSD produces sympathomimetic effects, including pupil dilation, tachycardia, increased blood pressure, piloerection, hyperreflexia, nausea, and fever. 

Violetta-Delilah was emphatically not a male apprentice. She was spring sunshine and very soon had the duty captain almost drooling, with his pupils dilated like water buckets. He was a hulking lunk who kept scratching the vermin inhabiting jails may have any number of legs. 

Gonioscopy Because pupil dilation may precipitate an acute attack of narrow-angle glaucoma, evaluate anterior chamber angle by gonioscopy prior to beginning therapy. 

Atropine Alkaloid Pupil dilator Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade)... 

ECG, blood pressure, respiratory rate, mental status, pupil dilation... 

Mecfianism of Action Phenylephrine HCl is an alpha-receptor sympathetic agonist used in local ocular disorders because of its vasoconstrictor and mydriatic action. It exhibits rapid and moderately prolonged action, and it produces little rebound vasodilatation. Systemic side effects are uncommon. Therapeutic Effect Vasoconstriction and pupil dilation. 

Vasoconstriction and pupil dilatation Topical A drop of a suitable topical anesthetic maybe applied, followed in a few minutes by 1 drop of the phenylephrine HCl 2.5% on the upper limbus. 

Hypothalamus—A region at the base of the brain, just above the brain stem, that controls changes in blood pressure, pupil dilation, heart rate, and the release of stress hormones into the bloodstream. 

Ibopamine (2% eye drop) is recently introduced newer compound, producing dose dependent mydriasis endowed with very interesting characteristics rapid onset, marked pupil dilatation and rapid return to normal pupillary diameter. This rapid return to normal pupillary diameter after its diagnostic application in eye offers significant advantages compared to other currently available mydriatics. Ibopamine is well absorbed through the cornea, it is rapidly hydrolyzed by esterases to epinine and the mydriatic effect is correlated with the concentration of epinine in the aqueous humor. 

The dots continue to vibrate. Sally breathes in short shallow breaths, oblivious of who would hear or who would care. Then she starts to rock back and forth as her pupils dilate. 

If the lesion of Horner s syndrome is postganglionic, indirectly acting sympathomimetics (eg, cocaine, hydroxyamphetamine) will not dilate the abnormally constricted pupil because catecholamines have been lost from the nerve endings in the iris. In contrast, the pupil dilates in response to phenylephrine, which acts directly on the a receptors on the smooth muscle of the iris. 

Besides NE and DA agonistic effects, the psychomimetics are also believed to impinge upon the serotonergic neurons. Serotonin stimulation can promote sleep as well as increase blood pressure and heart rate, produce tremors, constrict blood vessels, and cause pupil dilation just as... 

How did scopolamine and atropine, both components of henbane, kill King Hamlet To answer this, let s return to the autonomic nervous system. Recall the functions of the ANS that I mentioned previously. For example, it controls heart and breathing rate, intestinal motility, pupil dilation, salivation, and perspiration The two major components of the ANS, the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems (see Fig. 2—4), essentially function in competition with each other to maintain... 

Recall that scopolamine, an ingredient in henbane, blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. This blockade essentially removes the influence of the parasympathetic nervous system on the body. In the absence of this influence, the balance of forces is upset and the sympathetic nervous system gains the upper hand thus, your heart rate increases, your pupils dilate, salivation stops, your ability to urinate is impaired, and you become constipated overall, things get very uncomfortable. But none of this is directly lethal (unless the constipation makes one commit suicide). If you do die from an overdose of henbane, it is believed to result from either a complex series of events in your brain that lead to the loss of control of your diaphragm, causing death from asphyxiation, or from cardiac arrest. This is why the deadly nightshade is so deadly and how Shakespeare chose to kill King Hamlet with henbane. 

Ephedrine stimulates both a- and p-receptors, causing increased heart rate, unchanged or augmented stroke volume, enhanced cardiac output, and increased blood pressure. It causes relaxation of smooth muscle of bronchi and gastrointestinal tract, stimulation of cerebral cortex, and pupil dilation. 

As an anesthetic, ketamine increases sympathetic nervous activity, which results in an increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, some dilation of bronchial tubes, pupil dilation, and related secondary effects. 

Pupil dilation occurs more markedly as a result of oral administration than from injection. (Dr. Grof thought pupil dilation the only invariable effect of LSD for quite a while, but then observed an instance in which this oscillated with "pinning. ) LSD doesn t affect respiration, though anticipation of such an effect may, on a few occasions, cause small alterations. 

The observable physical changes are pupil dilation, increased pulse rate and blood pressure and, in some instances, dizziness, nausea or tremor. Stephen Sz ra and his associates examined such effects closely in a series of papers (eleven of these are listed in Brimblecombe and Pinder s bibliography at the end of their tryptamine chapter), concluding that these were minor. 

A dark, quiet environment is generally preferrable. Pupil dilation is rare, but sharpened night vision is common, as Emboden observes ... 

Contraction of iris radial muscle (pupil dilates)... 

Dysphoria Hallucinations Psychotomimetic effects Pupil dilation... 

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