Removal and disposal

The advantages claimed for organotin polymer-based antifouling paints include constant toxicant deHvery vs time, erosion rate and toxicant deHvery are controUable, no depleted paint residue to remove and dispose, 100% utilization of toxicant, polishing at high erosion rates, surface is self-cleaning, and function is continuously reactivated. 

Residuals Produced The resulting effluent may contain dissolved inorganic salts at concentrations which may be unacceptable for discharge. Based on the chemical composition of the waste stream, a precipitate may be formed which may require removal and disposal. 

Removing and disposing of obviously contaminated soil (note that groundwater analyses are usually not required when a tank is removed)... 

Documenting the removal and disposal of the tank and soils filing a report with the controlling government agencies and with the tank s owner, if any spills occurred during the work... 

Since the net salvage value may be difficult to determine, a company may estimate the cost of removing and disposing of the used equipment as up to 10% of... 

Atom economy is a goal only relatively recently understood. If all the atoms in the reactants are found in the desired product, we say that there is excellent atom economy. However, in many chemical reactions additional products are formed containing some of the atoms of the reactants. This is true in displacement and elimination reactions. It is also true if the reaction is not perfectly selective, and additional undesired products are formed. In most cases, the extra chemicals produced in displacement or elimination reactions or in nonselective reactions must be removed, and disposing of them adds cost and the potential for environmental problems (see Chapter 9 for further discussion of related matters). 

Building new dams or increasing existing dam water-storage capacities would allow more water storage however, as dams block sediment transport, they could affect the Ebro delta if they further impede sediment accretion. On the other hand, they may act as pollutant traps associated with sediments. If so, removal and disposal of these environmental threats need to be considered. 

The closure activities at J AC ADS consist of decontamination and removal of process equipment and building structures and some soil removal and disposal. Although no requirement for groundwater treatment is anticipated at Johnston Island, other CSDP disposal sites might require groundwater treatment, which would affect the closure process and the ultimate postclosure monitoring at those sites. 

More recently, there has been much concern about the possible effects of the mineral matter in coal on processes used to convert coal to other fuels such as gasification, liquefaction, and production of clean solid fuels. Not only is removing and disposing of the mineral matter a problem, but also the possible chemical effects such as catalyst poisoning, which might be expected in the methanation of gas from coal, should be considered. 

Saltwater has begun to cause operators in these areas many problems. Some wells have been shut in, and some operators have begun installation of facilities for removing and disposing of produced water. Abo, most operators are in at least the planning stages of water injection. Since the primary source for this water is the sea, it too will add to salt removal problems. 

The system does not display a glucose result for the first 10 h of operation to allow the equilibration of the sensor inside the body. The user is instructed to calibrate the sensor at hours 10, 12, 24, and 72, after insertion, by a blood glucose measurement. The blood glucose meter is built into the receiver, so the calibration is done automatically when a blood glucose measurement is made. After 5 days the user is instmcted to remove and dispose of the sensor support mount. The transmitter is reusable and contains replaceable batteries. The transmitter and mount are water resistant and can be worn during showers. The receiver is not water resistant because the receiver contains the open port for insertion of a blood glucose test strip. 

Many mills have successfully controlled their wash water in the softwood industry and there are some in the hardwood plywood industry that are recycling wash water. Wash water from hardwood plywood is an acid-catalyzed solution or mixture and presents another problem. Usually, the resin solids are allowed to settle and the water above reused and the sump solids removed and disposed of in another manner, such as burying the material or burning the solids in a boiler. However, the latter has presented problems within boiler fire chambers. Zero water discharge philosophy is a debatable subject but its application is practical and reasonable in most cases. By recycling or transfer from one source to another, or with pools for evaporation, the water waste materials are contained to prevent discharge into navigable streams. 

The option for disposal of potentially explosive materials is to have it detonated under carefully controlled conditions. Some laboratories and industries may have personnel trained in explosive handling, and they may be able to remove and detonate the material on their site where no damage will result. Alternatively, some contract waste disposal firms have the capability to remove and dispose of explosive material. It also is possible to make arrangements with a local squad who handles explosives (or even a fire department) to collect, remove, and detonate the material under safe conditions. In all situations, the chemist should provide the disposal expert with whatever information is available on the hazards of the chemical(s). 

All PPE should be removed and disposed of in the hazardous waste chute or disposal bag when removing hands from the enclosure to prevent dragging powders out of the unit. Users should be trained in aseptic glove removal technique to minimize aerosolization of material during a process where skin could become exposed. 

Use of radioisotopes in the laboratory generates potential biological hazards for investigators, and for all of society during subsequent radioisotope removal and disposal. Accordingly, those who work with radioisotopes should follow these safety precautions during all applications that employ radioisotopes. 

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