Remedial works

Siace 1980 over 1000 patents have been issued for drilling fluid systems and materials ia the United States alone. A 1994 listing of products from 117 supphers offers ca 3000 trade names (6). This array of trade name products actually represents less than 100 separate chemical types that may be purchased iadividuaHy or as a blend. Moreover, some of these materials are for completion and workover fluids. These differ from drilling fluids ia that completion fluids are used after the well has been drilled and prior to the initia tion of production whereas workover fluids are used duting remedial work on older wells. 

The results of the audits indicate that the delineation of zones is easy to put into a plan hut difficult to keep current. The nature of remedial work demands fiexihility. As sites become remediated, the exclusion zone boundaries change. This is not a situation that is easily handled in a plan, but should be reviewed as other site documents on a predetermined regular basis. 

This is an on-site test following installation. The procedure is designed to find any weaknesses in the plant and its implementation, while not cheap, is worthwhile where performance is important or in doubt. It is essential to have contractually agreed its use, which is to make the various provisions and what action is to be taken if any faults are shown and to allow sufficient time for testing and any remedial work. 

On larger multi-celled mechanical-draft towers of both counterflow and crossflow variety, the air inlets are confined to the two opposing faces and windage or drift loss is unlikely to occur, except under exceptionally high wind conditions. Here again, remedial work, depending upon the location, can be applied but at additional cost (see Figure 34.10). 

Fig. 19.61 Same section shown in Fig. 19.60 photographed 4 years after remedial work full inspection during recoating on site...

Him thickness varied between 50 and 140/im. Some parts had not been primed. Although the remedial re-blast cleaning of all surfaces had to be carried out in-situ, and a suitable system applied, the resulting protection (Fig. 19.61) after exposure for 4 years was still of the high order expected. The only difference between the two contracts was that full-time specialist inspection was given at every stage of the site remedial work. 

One simple yet successful technique for cleaning green, faded copper utensils, brass items, and chrome surfaces recommends the use of vinegar Pour vinegar and salt over copper surface and rub. Even black- or green-coated specimens of native copper can be cleaned with vinegar. Alternative recipes suggest lemon juice, ketchup, or even water in which onions have been boiled. Why do these remedies work ... 

Mirex is no longer manufactured, formulated, or used in the United States. Therefore, there is currently no occupational exposure to this chemical associated with its production or application as a pesticide. Current occupational exposure is most likely to occur for workers employed at waste disposal sites or those engaged in remediation activities including removal of soils and sediments contaminated with mirex. There is a slight possibility of exposure for workers involved in dredging activities (e.g., sediment remediation work performed by the Corps of Engineers). 

Thus, as part of the start-up procedure, a final inspection should be carried out, as it may yield some further ideas on program enhancements. Some remedial work or simple modifications may be desirable to improve the... 

The information available regarding the remediation work at the Civilian Federal Agency (CFA) is very limited. Most probably, the CFA will implement the innovative technologies used at the DOD and DOE sites. 

In addition to inspection and calibration of instrumentation carried out as part of an SAT, the need for recalibration of critical instruments prior to IQ, OQ, and PQ should be reviewed and the decision documented in the respective qualification report. All site calibration activity should be conducted in accordance with quality standards and the respective engineering procedures. Any remedial work should be undertaken under document control, and where necessary, evaluated under change control. 

Proponents of herbal drugs argue that these medications must be safe because they have been used by countless people for thousands of years. They cite preliminary studies that show that some herbal remedies work as well as conventional drugs and produce fewer side effects. For example, an herbal mixture of fennel, peppermint, and wormwood improved symptoms of abdominal pain more effectively and with fewer side effects than the conventional drug metoclopramide, according to a study published in Phytomedicine. And many studies have shown that St. John s wort seems to be as effective as standard antidepressants for mild to moderate depression while carrying a lower risk of side effects. 

Which metal is best suited for remediation work Both Ca and Na have been examined extensively. Commodore has built recently the SET and SoLV processes technology around Na, based on extensive commercial experience. Pittman et al. [24] demonstrated recently that the order of metal efficiencies for the dechlorination of aliphatic and aromatic model compounds at 25°C was Na > K > Ca > Li in dry ammonia and Na> K,Ca,Li in the presence of a 50-mol excess of water. These laboratory studies were carried out in the absence of soil [24], The presence of water significantly reduced the efficiency of both Ca and Li, whereas Na and K efficiencies were only modestly reduced. 

So how can a homeopathic remedy work The answer is not in the medicine but in the lengthy diagnostic session with a sympathetic homeopath that precedes the treatment. It is this psychotherapy that benefits the worried patient. The homeopathic remedy then confers its benefits in the same way that a placebo often produces benefits in people when these are given in large scale trials of real drugs. Placebos are generally harmless and inactive substances such as cellulose, but they do produce positive results for around 30% of those who take them. And so it is with homeopathic medicines which do work for many people, but for unbelievers like myself they are a waste of time and money, because we realise that all we are drinking is water. 

In March 1978 the City commissioned an outside contractor to design a remedial program. Hooker participated in the study and offered to pay one third of the then-expected cost of remedial work which was estimated at 840,000. 

With the ability and resources to prepare steel surfaces satisfactorily together with equipment and access to apply high thickness in an economical manner, the technology involved in paint has made significant advances in the last several years. It is expected that steel structures would receive an adequate paint system to last for at least five years before any major remedial work is required. 

Since the formation of the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA) there has been an emphasis on a demonstrable process for prioritisation of remediation work on UK decommissioning sites. As part of this process, the HI has now been re-named the Radiological Hazard Potential (RHP) and is one of five metrics which are combined numerically to produce a prioritisation metric, the Safety and Environmental Detriment (SED), see below. This paper relates only to the RHP. It is a quantitative measure of the potential for a material or plant item to cause harm, but does not address the risk of that harm occurring and has universal application irrespective of facility type. 

Broder I, Corey P, Brasher P, et al. 1988b. Comparison of health of occupants and characteristics of houses among control homes and homes insulated with urea formaldehyde foam. III. Health and house variables following remedial work. Environ Res 45 179-203. 

The finished works were impressive but fatally flawed. Of the new concrete pillars, all except a handful were built on shallow grouted foundations in the backfill. Conditions created by stage three of the air-conditioning scheme soon exposed the weakness of this form of construction and necessitated remedial work costing several times the original expenditure. 

Newly produced creosote, or materials from a spill or a more recent disposal site, may pose more serious toxicity concerns. A complicating factor in interpreting the available literature is that creosote alone may not by the only source of toxicity. Especially at NPL or other waste disposal sites, such chemicals as pentachlorophenol (PCP) or heavy metals may be involved. Without an extensive battery of chemical analyses, perhaps combined with bioassay tests, making even semi-quantitative judgements on toxicity issues can be problematic. Much of the remedial work conducted under the Superfund program has... 

Buried Chemical Warfare Materiel Chemical warfare materiel, which are buried on both private lands and military installations, consisting of various munitions, bombs, rockets, and containers that may have been contaminated with nerve, blister, blood, or choking agents. At some sites, chemical munitions and agents were drained into holes in the ground, covered with lime or burned in an open pit, and finally covered with earth. Based on preliminary analyses, the Army has identified potential chemical warfare materiel at 215 burial sites in 33 states, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and Washington, DC. The Army has determined that thirty of the 215 potential burial sites warrant no further remediation activity. This determination is based on the Army s assessment of the potential burial site, prior remedial work, or accessibility to the site. 

To provide relevant data for the selection or design of remedial works. 

The CLTRAP addresses emissions of pollutant gases to the atmosphere (mainly sulphur and nitrogen), and seeks to reduce emissions such that adverse effects on ecosystems can be prevented or remedied. Work within the CLTRAP is now attempting to incorporate future climate changes and their effects, and a possible revision of the Gothenburg protocol may take climate change into account. 

Many detailed descriptions have been made about the new statutory regime for CONTAMINATED LAND in the UK, and the reader can refer to these or preceding chapters of this publication to obtain a detailed description of the provisions. All that I would like to stress is that the system is essentially one that is likely to be used as a last resort in circumstances where land is a real environmental problem and remedial works need to be undertaken in a timely manner. The provisions should not be taken out of context and should not be considered as if they apply to all areas of contamination, since they are reserved for only the most serious of polluted sites. 

The concerns may be associated with (a) the potential for the new landowner to face a regulator s action for remedial works to be undertaken on the site to remove suspected contamination, or (b) fears that known or suspected contamination may have migrated away from the site and be threatening to cause damage to third parties or their interests. 

A further variation of stop-loss insurance is on sites where there are no planned remedial works to be undertaken because, after due investigation, no evidence is found of any unacceptable contamination. Provided it can be clearly stated what would constitute unacceptable levels of contamination on such a site, insurance can be provided for the eventuality of unacceptable contamination being found during the course of a development, even though none was expected. Such... 

The sale of the two sites went ahead on the basis that the purchaser would share on a 50/50 basis with the seller all liabilities for the decontamination and on-site remedial works associated with the contentious process, but that the seller would retain all associated third party liabilities. The purchaser also agreed to accept liability for any on-site remedial works associated with the known or reported contamination. The seller, however, retained full liability for all third party damage and also for any remedial works that involved any contamination that was not declared during the sale process. 

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