Military installation

At 5 15 on the morning of September 1, 1939, mist clung to the little Polish village of Puck, on the shoulder of the Hel Peninsula, northeast feature of the Polish Corridor. A few miles to the south, the Free City of Danzig was restless from recent Nazi demands. The fishermen and shopkeepers of Puck slept well. There were no military installations near-by, and their village was only a small fishing port where an invasion by sea could not be made. 

Ammunition Peculiar Equipment, commonly referred to as APE, is specialized equipment for use in the maintenance, modification, renovation, surveillance and demilitarization of ammunition items. This equipment is used at world wide military installations with ammunition missions that require any of the above mentioned activities. 

Disposal methods at overseas military installations must be according to the laws of the host country. 

Pollution of soils and waters by human activities is an important and widespread problem. This pollution by, organic and inorganic substances can affect individual organisms, human populations, and ecosystems, each in its own unique way. In particular former military installations, often used for weapons production and nuclear power plants represent a ongoing and substantial threat to environment and human health because of the specific pollutants that can be released Solvents, explosives, fuels, radionuclides, heavy metals, and metalloids all have been identified in the environment around these installations. Remediation technologies for these contaminated sites have been developed based on conventional systems utilising physical and chemical treatments, such as excavation and incineration, pump-and-treat methods, ultraviolet oxidation, soil washing, etc. 

Perei, K., Polyak, B., Bagyinka, Cs., Bodrossy, F. and Kovacs, K. F. (1995) Selected applications of bioremediation in hazardous waste treatment. NATO ASI Series, 2. Environment -Vol. 1. Clean-up of Former Soviet Military Installations (Eds. Herndon, R. C., Richtei P. I. Moerlins, J. E., Kuperberg, J. M., Biczo, 1. F., Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 87-95. 

Over the years, I have received hundreds of reprint requests for my papers from physicians and others in American military installations. I have never yet received such a request from any military establishment outside the United States. Much of my research is concerned with the biochemical basis of mental deficiency and serious mental illnesses... 

The vendor states that the technology has been installed at private industrial sites and military installations for the destruction of VOC off-gases from soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems, air strippers, and process tank vents. The technology is patented and commercially available. The results from demonstrations at three military installations are included in case study overview. The vendor states the following advantages of PDT technology ... 

Monohydrate of Ca acetate is used as analytical reagent and its requirements when used In military installations are listed in US Spec MIL-C-14000... 

Armament is the aggregate of a nation s military strength, which includes all the items used by the Army, Navy and Air Force (ships, aircraft weapons, ammunition, expls, tanks, transportation, etc), as well as the personnel to man them. It also includes all military installations (fortifications, barracks, ammo magazines, etc) and all industries working for war purposes... 

SPIA/M2 (1959), Unit No 435 ARSENAL. A US Arsenal is a military installation of the Army Ordnance Corps (qv), primarily involved with the development, manufacture, loading, storage and issue of materiel used by the armed forces for the conduct of war. Arsenals with primary function of storage are usually called Depots... 

As it is mentioned under Army Ordnance Corps, the oldest US military installation, which may be considered as a manufacturing arsenal, is Springfield Armory, Springfield, Mass, established in 1794-5. The first US military establishment named "Arsenal" was the Watervliet Arsenal, Watetvliet, NY. 

FM 21-40(1958) 9)Anon, "Radiological Recovery of Fixed Military Installations ,... 

Indeed, following 9/11 crop dusters were not allowed to operate in air space near US military installations. 

The studies presented here are a history of strategies developed toward the beneficiation of soil and groundwater contamination from fuel and solvent intrusion at military installations [2] however, the problem is by no means only a military one. 

Tetryl is a synthetic substance that was used to make explosives, mostly during World War I and World War II. It is no longer manufactured or used in the United States. The chemical name for tetryl is N-methyl-N,2,4,6-tetranitroaniline. Other commonly used names are 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine, nitramine, tetralite, and tetril. Stocks of tetryl are found in storage at military installations and are being destroyed by the Department of Defense. Tetryl was frequently manufactured as pellets or powder. Under certain manufacturing conditions, it could exist in the air as a dust. Tetryl is a yellow, crystal-like solid at room temperature. It dissolves slightly in... 

Tetryl may be released to the air, water, and soil when old stores of the explosive ate destroyed by exploding or burning. However, tetryl has not been measured in air during any of these activities. Tetryl that was manufactured or stored at military installations, like Army ammunition plants, may still be present in the soil and water at or around these sites. Tetryl is not likely to evaporate into air from water or soil surfaces. However, tetryl may be present in air associated with dust from these sites. Tetryl appears to break-down rapidly in some soils. Picric acid, is one of the break down products of tetryl in soil. Tetryl probably does not easily travel from soil to groundwater. Erosion of soil from contaminated sites may release tetryl to nearby surface water. Once it is in the water, tetryl may dissolve or associate with small particles of suspended solids, sediments, or organic debris. Some of these particles will settle to the bottom. Tetryl breaks down rapidly in sunlit rivers and lakes but much more slowly in groundwater. It is not known whether tetryl will build up in fish, plants, or land animals. See Chapters 4 and 5 for more information on tetryl in the environment. 

Tetryl has been found in soil and water at some military installations, such as Army ammunition plants, and in underground water at one site located near a military installation. See Chapter 5 for more information on exposure to tetryl. 

Workers who were involved in the production and use of tetryl at Army ammunition plants were exposed to tetryl. Persons living near military installations, such as Army ammunition plants, may be exposed to tetryl from ingestion of drinking water or contact with soil contaminated by past manufacture and use. Persons involved in demilitarization operations or in the clean-up of contaminated sites may be exposed to high levels of tetryl. 

Exposure Levels in Environmental Media. Tetryl has been detected in seepage water, groundwater, and surface and subsurface soil at military installations (Army 1980, 1981b, 1986a, 1988, 1990b ATSDR 1987 HazDat 1994). More data are needed regarding levels of tetryl in surface water, groundwater, soil, and air in and around these sites. Quantitative information is needed to assess the potential for human exposure and to better identify exposed populations. 

ON APPROPRIATE MILITARY INSTALLATIONS INVOLVING NO HAZARDS TO GENERAL POPULATION OR POLLUTION OF ENVIRONMENT. 

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