High winds

The vast majority of heat-traeed pipes are insulated to minimize heat loss to the environment. A heat input of 2 to 10 watts per foot (6 to 30 watts per meter) is generally required to prevent an insulated pipe from freezing. With high wind speeds, an un-insulated pipe eould require well over 100 watts per foot (300 watts per meter) to prevent freezing. Sueh a high heat input would be very expensive. 

Floating hollow spheres are made of polypropylene with projections to prevent rotation. They restrict oxygen absorption and reduce emissions with an effectiveness of 80 to 90 percent. High winds can pose serious problems by blowing the spheres away (University of Arkansas and Louisiana State University, 1985). 

Analysis of External Events uses the models developed in the plant system analysis with considerations for seismic, fire, flood, high winds and missiles on the plant. Additional c cm trees or their equivalent may be needed for the external events. 

The primary inconvenience is the relative slowness and lack of comfort, especially during days of inclement weather. Many millions of Americans live gi eat distances from where they work. Some might consider bicycling five miles to work each day, but few live that near to work. The typical 20-or-30-mile commute makes bicycling an unrealistic option for most people. And for those who do live close to work, few are willing to brave the elements to bicycle year around. Ram, snow, ice, high winds, extreme cold, and extreme heat that are minor inconveniences in a vehicle become major inconveniences on a bicycle. Thus, for backup, bicycle riders usually must own a vehicle for had weather days, or have access to convenient mass transit. 

On larger multi-celled mechanical-draft towers of both counterflow and crossflow variety, the air inlets are confined to the two opposing faces and windage or drift loss is unlikely to occur, except under exceptionally high wind conditions. Here again, remedial work, depending upon the location, can be applied but at additional cost (see Figure 34.10). 

High winding angle. Complete coverage of mandrel each pass of carriage. Reversal of carriage can be made at any time without affecting pattern. 

High temperature stress Low temperature stress High winds Global warming Increased UV-B radiation... 

The aim for tree breeders and forest managers is to define and grow a plantation which will be elastic in its response to the large stresses induced by high wind speeds. Petty Swain (1985) have established models of the stress-strain responses of forest trees which may be used to define the sizes and morphologies of trees, for a defined range of wind speeds and elastic responses. A typical response of a plantation grown spruce tree to wind speed is shown on Fig. 2. This is a classic stress/strain curve, with an... 

Moore, P.H. Osgood, R.V. (1985). Assessment of sugarcane crop damage and yield loss by high winds of hurricanes. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 35, 267-79. 

Petty, J.A. Swain, C. (1985). Factors influencing stress breakage of conifers in high winds. Forestry, 58, 75-84. 

Sprays Small liquid droplets in the air that can be caused by process upsets or by high wind. 

Adverse climatic conditions at a site will increase costs. Abnormally low temperatures will require the provision of additional insulation and special heating for equipment and pipe runs. Stronger structures will be needed at locations subject to high winds (cyclone/hurricane areas) or earthquakes. 

The weather conditions also added headaches. In winter the temperature sometimes gets below -50°F (-45°C) and may remain at -30°F (-35°C) for sustained periods. It is so cold that certain buildings need air locks to prevent excessive heat losses when people enter or leave. Many ordinary construction materials cannot withstand the temperature. The usual mastic sealing compound has to be replaced by an expensive silicone sealant. In addition to this the region has high winds and is earthquake-prone. 2... 

Another challenge is selecting an appropriate location for the turbine, due to the highly localized nature of wind. Low-cost anemometers may help alleviate this problem, but time must be spent to collect a sufficient amount of data [10]. Areas particularly suited to wind power because of their typical high wind velocities include coastlines, high ground, and mountain passes [12]. Wind power does not need water, so it is suitable for dry areas. 

Eek J., Gjengedal T., Influence of high wind power penetration on the Nordic power grid primary control response, 2006 CIGRE SESSION, Paris, France, August 27-September 01, 2006. 

Low expansion foams are typically applied to the surface of exposed flammable liquids, especially in outdoor areas. High expansion foams are commonly applied to large enclosed areas where high winds would not affect the foam usefulness and where interior locations are hard to reach. 

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