Remazol

Fig. 1. Blue reactive dyes from antliiaquinone. Also see Table 6. Reactive Blue 5 [16823-51 -1] (Cl 61210) (19), Reactive Blue 4 [13324-20-4] (Cl 61205) (20), eg, Piocion Blue MX-R, Reactive Blue 19 [2580-78-1] (Cl 61200) (21), eg, Remazol Brilliant Blue R.

Figure 12.19 Control of reactive dye fixation rate by Remazol automet (DyStar) alkali addition [151]...

Halomonas sp. Remazol Black, Maxilon Blue, Sulfonyl Scarlet BNLE, Sulfonyl Green BLE, Remazol Black N, Entrazol Blue IBC The bacterium was capable of decolorizing the dyes in wide range of NaCl concentrations after 4 days of incubation period [73]... 

Shewanella J18 143 Remazol Black B, Acid Orange 7 Anaerobic cultures of Shewanella strain J18 143 rapidly removed color from the azo dye Remazol Black B in the growth medium to produce an absorbance at 597 nm of less than 1 in under 40 min [86]... 

Remazol Black B Alcaligenes faecalis, Microbial consortium immobilized [187]... 

Remazol Brilliant Sequencing batch About 90% color removal was [188, 189]... 

Remazol inoculated with Violet 5R and 75% color removal ... 

Black B sludge collected was obtained for Remazol Black ... 

Oxspring DA, McMullan G, S myth WF, Marchant R (1996) Decolorization and metabolism of the reactive textile dye Remazol-Black-B by an immobilized microbial consortium. Biotechnol Lett 18 527-530... 

The color index (Cl) number, developed by the society of dyers and colorists, is used for dye classification. Once the chemical structure of a dye is known, a fivedigit Cl number is assigned to it. The first word is the dye classification and the second word is the hue or shade of the dye. For example, Cl Acid Yellow 36 (Cl 13065) is a yellow dye of the acid type. Additionally, a dye mixture may consist of several dyes for example, Navy 106 is composed of three reactive azo dyes remazol black B (Reactive Black 5), Remazol Red RB (Reactive Red 198), and Remazol Golden Yellow 3. 

Methanogens consortium Remazol black-b, rem. red rr, rem. yellow Fluidized bed Continuous... 

Activated sludge from a full-scale plant Remazol brilliant violet Remazol black b SBR 24 h sequencing batch... 

Remazol black b rdye = DyeL, b increases with DyeL... 

Dafale N, Wate S, Meshram S et al (2008) Kinetic study approach of remazol black-B use for the development of two-stage anoxic-oxic reactor for decolorization/biodegradation of azo dyes by activated bacterial consortium. J Hazard Mater 159 319-328... 

Dye decolorizing potential of the WRF Ganoderma lucidum KMK2 was demonstrated for recalcitrant textile dyes. G. lucidum produced laccase as the dominant lignolytic enzyme during SSF of wheat bran, a natural lignocellulosic substrate. Crude enzyme shows excellent decolorization activity to anthraquinone dye Rema-zol Brilliant Blue R without redox mediator, whereas diazo dye Remazol Black-5 (RB-5) requires a redox mediator [43]. 

Eichlerova I, Homolka L, Lisa L, Nerud F (2005) Orange G and Remazol Brilliant Blue R decolorization by white rot fungi Dichomitus squalens Ischnoderma resinosum and Pleurotus calyptratus. Chemosphere 60 398 -04... 

Aksu Z, Kilic NK, Ertugrul S, Donmez G (2007) Inhibitory effects of chromium(VI) and Remazol Black B on chromium(VI) and dyestuff removals by Trametes versicolor. Enzyme Microb Technol 40 1167-1174... 

Deveci T, Unyayar A, Mazmanci MA (2004) Production of Remazol Brilliant Blue R decolourising oxygenase from the culture filtrate of Funalia trogii ATCC 200800. J Mol Catal B Enzym 30 25-32... 

One of the first reports on yeast-mediated color removal by a putative process of biosorption of azo dyes by yeast (Rhodotorula sp.) biomass belongs to [31]. Yeast species such as Kluveromyces marxianus removed the diazo dye remazol black B [10], Candida catenulata and Candida kefyr removed more than 90% of amaranth by biosorption [6]. Biosorption uptake of the textile azo dyes remazol blue, reactive black, and reactive red by S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis varied according to the selected dye, dye concentration, and exposure time [5, 7]. In a recent screening work carried out by [32], from the 44 yeast strains tested for their decolorization ability, 12 of them removed the dye Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP by biosorption, among them the following were identified S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvarum, Torulopsis Candida, and Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. 

Ertugrul S, San NO, Donmez G (2009) Treatment of dye (Remazol Blue) and heavy metals using yeast cells with the purpose of managing polluted textile wastewaters. Ecol Eng 35 128-134... 

Meehan C, Banat IM, McMullan G et al (2000) Decolorization of remazol black-B using a thermotolerant yeast, Kluyveromyces marxianus IMB3. Environ Int 26 75-79... 

In 1952 Hoechst marketed two Remalan vinylsulphone dyes that were capable of reacting with wool. These were applied under near-neutral conditions and functioned by nucleophilic addition across the activated double bond of the vinylsulphone group. The chemistry that had been elucidated in the development of these novel dyes provided a springboard for Hoechst to respond quickly with the first range of Remazol dyes when the possibility of dye-fibre reaction was finally achieved on cellulosic fibres. 

The decolourization capacity of the white-rot fungus Phlebia tremellosa was investigated in detail. Dyes included in the experiments were Cibacron red, Remazol navy blue, Remazol red, Cibacron orange, Remazol golden yellow, Remazol blue, Remazol turquoise blue, and Remazol black B. The decomposition of Remazol black B was followed by RP-HPLC. Measurements were performed in an ODS column (250 X 4.6 mm i.d.) using ACN-water... 

Fig. 3.100. Chemical structures of (A) Remazol brilliant orange 3R (B) Remazol black B and (C) Remazol brilliant violet 5R. Reprinted with permission from N. Supaka et al. [158].

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