Remazol dyes

In 1952 Hoechst marketed two Remalan vinylsulphone dyes that were capable of reacting with wool. These were applied under near-neutral conditions and functioned by nucleophilic addition across the activated double bond of the vinylsulphone group. The chemistry that had been elucidated in the development of these novel dyes provided a springboard for Hoechst to respond quickly with the first range of Remazol dyes when the possibility of dye-fibre reaction was finally achieved on cellulosic fibres. 

In cold pad-batch dyeing of cotton knit goods with REMAZOL dyes, EMIGEN DPR-A is used to increase the pick-up in combination with the wetting agent and to prevent the uneven distribution of the dyes solution during the reaction time. The appearance of the fabric is generally improved. 

Increase in temperature favours the formation of the hydrolysis product, as does an excessively high pH. The dye-fibre linkage can be split by the action of alkalis at high temperatures. This means that there will be loss of depth if laundered at the boil in alkaline wash liquors, or should the goods subsequently be scoured with strong alkalis when Remazol dyes are used for effect threads. 

Wool can be dyed with Remazol dyes in the following way (Bohnert, loc. cit.). The dye liquor is made up with the dyestuff, 5 per cent of anhydrous Glauber s salt, and 4 per cent of sulphuric acid (96 per cent). The goods are entered at 40 C (104 F) and the temperature is raised to 60°C (140°F), over a period of 30 minutes, at which temperature it is maintained for 10 minutes before raising to the boil and dyeing continues at the boil for 1 hour. Polyamide fibres can be dyed in a similar manner and a strongly acid liquor is recommended for acrylonitriles. 

These contain the acrylamide residue D.NH.CO.CH2 CH2 as the reactive component, D representing the chromophore-containing portion of the dye molecule. In the presence of alkali the reaction between a cellulosic hydroxyl group and the terminal CH is similar to that which has been described for the Remazol dyes... 

Fig. 1. Blue reactive dyes from antliiaquinone. Also see Table 6. Reactive Blue 5 [16823-51 -1] (Cl 61210) (19), Reactive Blue 4 [13324-20-4] (Cl 61205) (20), eg, Piocion Blue MX-R, Reactive Blue 19 [2580-78-1] (Cl 61200) (21), eg, Remazol Brilliant Blue R.

Figure 12.19 Control of reactive dye fixation rate by Remazol automet (DyStar) alkali addition [151]...

Halomonas sp. Remazol Black, Maxilon Blue, Sulfonyl Scarlet BNLE, Sulfonyl Green BLE, Remazol Black N, Entrazol Blue IBC The bacterium was capable of decolorizing the dyes in wide range of NaCl concentrations after 4 days of incubation period [73]... 

Shewanella J18 143 Remazol Black B, Acid Orange 7 Anaerobic cultures of Shewanella strain J18 143 rapidly removed color from the azo dye Remazol Black B in the growth medium to produce an absorbance at 597 nm of less than 1 in under 40 min [86]... 

Oxspring DA, McMullan G, S myth WF, Marchant R (1996) Decolorization and metabolism of the reactive textile dye Remazol-Black-B by an immobilized microbial consortium. Biotechnol Lett 18 527-530... 

The color index (Cl) number, developed by the society of dyers and colorists, is used for dye classification. Once the chemical structure of a dye is known, a fivedigit Cl number is assigned to it. The first word is the dye classification and the second word is the hue or shade of the dye. For example, Cl Acid Yellow 36 (Cl 13065) is a yellow dye of the acid type. Additionally, a dye mixture may consist of several dyes for example, Navy 106 is composed of three reactive azo dyes remazol black B (Reactive Black 5), Remazol Red RB (Reactive Red 198), and Remazol Golden Yellow 3. 

Dafale N, Wate S, Meshram S et al (2008) Kinetic study approach of remazol black-B use for the development of two-stage anoxic-oxic reactor for decolorization/biodegradation of azo dyes by activated bacterial consortium. J Hazard Mater 159 319-328... 

Dye decolorizing potential of the WRF Ganoderma lucidum KMK2 was demonstrated for recalcitrant textile dyes. G. lucidum produced laccase as the dominant lignolytic enzyme during SSF of wheat bran, a natural lignocellulosic substrate. Crude enzyme shows excellent decolorization activity to anthraquinone dye Rema-zol Brilliant Blue R without redox mediator, whereas diazo dye Remazol Black-5 (RB-5) requires a redox mediator [43]. 

Ozsoy HD, Unyayar A, Mazmanci MA (2005) Decolourisation of reactive textile dyes Drimarene Blue X3LR and Remazol Brilliant Blue R by Funalia trogii ATCC 200800. Biodegradation 16 195-204... 

One of the first reports on yeast-mediated color removal by a putative process of biosorption of azo dyes by yeast (Rhodotorula sp.) biomass belongs to [31]. Yeast species such as Kluveromyces marxianus removed the diazo dye remazol black B [10], Candida catenulata and Candida kefyr removed more than 90% of amaranth by biosorption [6]. Biosorption uptake of the textile azo dyes remazol blue, reactive black, and reactive red by S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis varied according to the selected dye, dye concentration, and exposure time [5, 7]. In a recent screening work carried out by [32], from the 44 yeast strains tested for their decolorization ability, 12 of them removed the dye Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP by biosorption, among them the following were identified S. cerevisiae, Saccharomyces uvarum, Torulopsis Candida, and Saccharomycopsis lipolytica. 

Ertugrul S, San NO, Donmez G (2009) Treatment of dye (Remazol Blue) and heavy metals using yeast cells with the purpose of managing polluted textile wastewaters. Ecol Eng 35 128-134... 

The decolourization capacity of the white-rot fungus Phlebia tremellosa was investigated in detail. Dyes included in the experiments were Cibacron red, Remazol navy blue, Remazol red, Cibacron orange, Remazol golden yellow, Remazol blue, Remazol turquoise blue, and Remazol black B. The decomposition of Remazol black B was followed by RP-HPLC. Measurements were performed in an ODS column (250 X 4.6 mm i.d.) using ACN-water... 

M.V.B. Zanoni, JJ. Sene and M.A. Anderson, Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of the reactive dye Remazol Brilliant Orange 3R on titanium dioxide thin-film electrodes. J. Photochem. Photobiol.A Chem., 157 (2003) 55-63. 

W.F. Smyth, S. McClean, E. O Kane, I. Banat and G. McMullan, Application of electrospray mass spectrometry in the detection and determination of Remazol textile dyes. 

Meric, S Selcuk, H Gallo, M Belgiomo V. Decolourisation and detoxifying of Remazol Red dye and its mixture using Fenton s reagent. Desalination, 2005 173, 239-248... 

Arslan, 1 Balcioglu, lA. Degradation of Remazol Black B dye and its simulated dyebath wastewater by advanced oxidation processes in heterogeneous and homogeneous media. Coloration Technology, 2001 117, 38-42. 

Oxspring, A.A. McMuUan, G. Smyth, W.F. Marchant, R. Decolourisation and metabolism of the reactive textile dye, Remazol Black 5, by an immobihzed microbial consortium. Biotechnol. Lett. 1996,18, 527-530. 

Figure 6.15 presents the LC-UV chromatogram of the hydrolysis products from the first step of simulated waste water treatment of Remazol Black 5 (RB5), a commercially important textile dye, while Figure 6.16 shows a series of stop-flow LC-NMR spectra acquired in an LC-NMR-MS run. The NMR and MS data of the tentatively identified compounds are shown in Tables 6.6 and 6.7, respectively. These are only by- or degradation products which elute earlier than the hydrolysed Remazol Black. Peaks which elute later consist of coeluting dye components which have not yet been identified. 

In SDS gels, multicolored proteins can be used to provide a visual display of marker proteins on the transfer membrane. Various companies sell precolored standards and there is in the literature (52) a procedure for generating multicolored molecular weight proteins using a variety of Remazol-reactive textile dyes. 

Vinodgopal K, Peller J, Makogon O, Kamat PV. Ultrasonic mineralization of a reactive textile azo dye. Remazol Black B Water Res 1998 32 3646-3650. 

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