Referred risk response

Referred risk response Were supervisors responsive to situations in which hazards were reported to them Did problems, concerns, or requests for assistance in analyzing or reviewing risks receive appropriate responses ... 

Overall, the major premise for our approach is a directional orientation toward risk reduction. The evaluation procedure used follows a four-step process which considers first Hazard Identification second, Hazard Evaluation third, Risk Evaluation and fourth, Risk Response. To avoid any misunderstanding of terms, the combined activities of the first three steps can be considered as what is commonly referred to as making a "Risk Assessment." The fourth step, Risk Response, necessarily must follow when the process is used to make practical decisions. 

The physician s opinion as to whether the employee has any detected medical conditions which would place the employee at increased risk of material impairment of the employee s health from work in hazardous waste operations or a emergency response, or from respirator use [OSHA Reference, 120(f)(7)(i)(A)]... 

Provides information on how levels of exposure of hazardous chemicals affect human health. Covers levels of exposure to hazardous chemicals below which no adverse health effects are expected to occur in various segments of the human population. The reference dose and carcinogenicity assessments on IRIS can sen>e as guides in e >aluating potential health hazards and selecting response to alleviate a potential risk to human health. Hours 8 00 a.m. to 4 40 p.m. EST, Monday - Friday. 

Uncertainty on tlie other hand, represents lack of knowledge about factors such as adverse effects or contaminant levels which may be reduced with additional study. Generally, risk assessments carry several categories of uncertainly, and each merits consideration. Measurement micertainty refers to tlie usual eiTor tliat accompanies scientific measurements—standard statistical teclmiques can often be used to express measurement micertainty. A substantial aniomit of uncertainty is often inlierent in enviromiiental sampling, and assessments should address tliese micertainties. There are likewise uncertainties associated with tlie use of scientific models, e.g., dose-response models, and models of environmental fate and transport. Evaluation of model uncertainty would consider tlie scientific basis for the model and available empirical validation. 

Dose-response characterisation. Different chemicals will be associated with different toxicological end-points and the risk of any individual experiencing toxicity is related to the dose that they receive. Very often it is possible to identify a dose level below which the probability of anyone experiencing an adverse effect is veiy low or zero. For additives this is usually referred to as the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI). 

A short synopsis of the overall emergency management structure, how other industrial emergency response, contingency, and risk management plans fit into the ERP for chemical emergencies, and applicable policies, procedures, actions plans, and reference documents should be cited. Policies should include interconnect agreements with adjacent communities and just how the ERP may affect them. 

Carson s chapter entitled One in Every Four (referring to what was at the time the lifetime risk of cancer development in the US population), relies heavily on Hueper s work she quotes him with great respect, and it is clear that most of her views on the subject are derived from him. It would be a mistake to conclude that Hueper alone was responsible for moving into full public view what science understood... 

As if these four sets of circumstances did not signal enough trouble, there are other barriers to successful risk assessment. Most have to do with what we have been referring to as the conditions under which toxic hazard and dose-response information have been collected (A),... 

These three commonly encountered problems in dealing with the dose-response step of the risk assessment process (and there are others as well) are respectively referred to as the problems of (1) high-to-low dose extrapolation (2) extrapolation across exposure durations ... 

The Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICADs) (see Figure 2.3) are similar to the EHC documents in providing internationally accepted reviews on the effects on human health and the environment of chemicals or combinations of chemicals. They aim to characterize the hazard and dose-response of exposure to chemicals and to provide examples of exposure estimation and risk characterizations for application at the national or local level. They summarize the information considered critical for risk characterization in sufficient detail to allow independent assessment, but are concise, i.e., not repeating all the information available on a particular chemical. For more detail, readers of individual CICADs are referred to the original source document for the CICAD (either a national or regional chemical evaluation document) or an existing EHC (chemicals series). 

Human research issues affect all programs in US-EPA. In its Office of Research and Development, US-EPA conducts research with human subjects to provide critical information on environmental risks, exposures, and effects in humans. This is referred to as first-party research. In both its Office of Research and Development and its program offices (including the Office of Air and Radiation, the Office of Water, the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, and the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances), US-EPA also supports research with human subjects conducted by others. This is referred to as second-party research. In aU this work US-EPA is committed to full compliance with the common rule. The US-EPA will continue to conduct and support such research, and to consider and rely on its results in US-EPA assessments and decisions. 

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