Common rule

It may be realised by means of definite complex of intereonneeted and interrelated common rules and norms direeted to the assurance of traceability and uniformity of measuring equipment, NDT equipment including. In another words NDT equipment must be metrologically supported. 

Common rules and norms of metrologieal assuranee are specified in standards of National system for traceability assurance whieh develop and give eonerete expression to the provisions of the law. 

The most common rule of thumb is that a disc-shaped rotating part usually can be balanced in one correction plane only, whereas parts that have appreciable width require two-plane balancing. Precision tolerances, which become more meaningful for higher performance (even on relatively narrow face width), suggest two-plane balancing. However, the width should be the guide, not the diameter to width ratio. 

Members of the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), Malaysia included, have yet to formulate common rules for dmg regulation. Nonetheless, efforts have been made towards harmonization in terms of voluntary standards. Through the ASEAN Technical Cooperation Project in Pharmaceuticals, a number of reference substances and guidelines have been developed (17). Furthermore, agreements made for the ASEAN Free Trade Area have harmonized and reduced import tariffs on a number of goods, including pharmaceutical raw materials and finished products. 

Recommend products that contain the following on their label scientific name of the botanical, quantity of the herb, name and address of the actual manufacturer, a batch or lot number, date of manufacture, and expiration date. When available, products that are standardized to the active ingredient(s) should be recommended. A common rule of a one-year expiration date on dietary supplements generally applies [5]. 

From the Larson-Miller analysis, it is possible to derive more easily interpreted information relating to the effects of sustained high temperature on the life of a tube. A common rule of thumb is that a tube wall temperature increase of 20°C will shorten a tube life by over 50% from its design period of 10 years to less than 5 years. The cost of a typical reformer tube is USD 6000-7000. With typical reformer sizes in the order of 300-400 tubes and taking on-site expenditure into account, this puts the cost of a complete re-tube in the range... 

A complex number consists of two parts a real and a so-called imaginary part, c = a + ib. The imaginary part always contains the quantity i, which represents the square root of -1, i = /—1- The real and imaginary parts of c are often denoted by a = R(c) and b = 1(c). All the common rules of ordinary arithmetic apply to complex numbers, which in addition allow extraction of the square root of any negative number. If... 

Specific recognition of enzymes by their natural substrates and cosubstrates is a common rule but what about recognition of an enzyme by artificial cosubstrate The cyclic voltammetric investigation of glucose oxidase provides an answer to the question.11 Because the flavin prosthetic group... 

Reaction 2.22 a may be followed by various other reactions such as insertions, 13-eliminations or regular reductive eliminations (See Figure 2.24). The reductive elimination reaction is governed by the common rules given in the section on reductive elimination. The reaction shown has been observed for nickel complexes. 

The differences between the "Common Rule" and the EDA regulations are differences in applicability. HHS regulations are based on federal fxmding, and EDA regulations are based on the use of EDA-regulafed producfs. Examples of some of fhe differences in fhe FDA regulations and the "Common Rule" include the following ... 

Note that there are more sources of variability for accuracy than for precision. This is the basis of the common rule of thumb which states that the precision of an on-line analyzer will typically be about ten times better than its accuracy. 

Human research issues affect all programs in US-EPA. In its Office of Research and Development, US-EPA conducts research with human subjects to provide critical information on environmental risks, exposures, and effects in humans. This is referred to as first-party research. In both its Office of Research and Development and its program offices (including the Office of Air and Radiation, the Office of Water, the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, and the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances), US-EPA also supports research with human subjects conducted by others. This is referred to as second-party research. In aU this work US-EPA is committed to full compliance with the common rule. The US-EPA will continue to conduct and support such research, and to consider and rely on its results in US-EPA assessments and decisions. 

In following sections, the basis of the main components of a neuron, how it works and, finally, how a set of neurons are connected to yield an ANN are presented. A short description of the most common rules by which ANNs learn is also given (focused on the error back-propagation learning scheme). We also concentrate on how ANNs can be applied to perform regression tasks and, finally, a review of published papers dealing with applications to atomic spectrometry, most of them reported recently, is presented. 

Although many polyrotaxanes have been reported [6-8,12], no common rules have been introduced for their nomenclature. Several structural features of a polyrotaxane must be defined (i) the basic structure defining the location of the rotax-... 

The bodies of thick-walled pressure-vessels with an outer- to inner-diameter ratio d /dj > 1.2 can either be manufacured as monobloc (solid-wall vessels) or be constructed of several layers (multi-wall vessels). During the process of design and fabrication of such vessels some significant and common rules must be observed ... 

For digital circuits, the electrical length of the line can be defined relative to the signal rise time. A common rule of thumb for simple lines with no branches is that interconnections must be treated as transmission lines when the round-trip transit time of the signal, 2t pdZ, exceeds the signal rise time, tr (37). This rule defines a critical line length (Zc) given by... 

In October 2001 the EEA Committee decided to include the Gas Directive in the EEA-agreement u. The implementation of the directive in Norwegian law falls in two parts. The downstream rules - which constitute the major part of the directive - are implemented separately by a new act on common rules... 

Glucocorticoids can also be injected directly into the arthritic joint, a technique that can be invaluable in the management of acute exacerbations. There is, of course, considerable controversy about whether intra-articular glucocorticoids will produce harmful catabolic effects in joints that are already weakened by arthritic changes. At the very least, the number of injections into an arthritic joint should be limited, and a common rule of thumb is to not exceed more than four injections in one joint within one year.77... 

The following common rules apply to all field records ... 

Different analytical techniques and methods have different calibration requirements, but there are common rules to all of them. 

Organic chemists use a common rule of thumb that the rate of a typical chemical reaction doubles as the temperature is increased by ten degrees. Assume that the constants A and Ea in Equation 1.24 do not change as the temperature changes. What must the value of Ea (called the activation energy) be for the rate to double as the temperature is raised from 25C to 35C ... 

Ortho and Para Directing Groups. In general the common rules of orientation regarding intermoleaular acylation can be extended to the... 

Protection of a patient s interest who participates in a research project has led to many statements and laws. A major start was the Nuremberg Code (10). In the United States, the Office of Protection from Research Risks (OPRR) has issued regulations known as the Common Rule. Almost everywhere is institutional review boards, safeguarding the rights of the individuals. 

There is a common rule, called Bancroft s rule, that is well known to people doing practical work with emulsions if they want to prepare an O/W emulsion they have to choose a hydrophilic emulsifier which is preferably soluble in water. If a W/O emulsion is to be produced, a more hydrophobic emulsifier predominantly soluble in oil has to be selected. This means that the emulsifier has to be soluble to a higher extent in the continuous phase. This rule often holds but there are restrictions and limitations since the solubilities in the ternary system may differ from the binary system surfactant/oil or surfactant/water. Further determining variables on the emulsion type are the ratios of the two phases, the electrolyte concentration or the temperature. 

The fluorophores show different fluorescence spectra. A fluorescence spectrum reflects the electronic distribution of the molecule in the excited state Si and thus the structure of the molecule in this state. We notice also that ANS does not fluoresce in a phosphate buffer (i.e., a polar medium), which is not the case when it is bound to serum albumin. Thus, fluorescence depends not only on the structure of the fluorophore but also on its environment. Each fluorophore has its own spectral properties, and one should be careful not to generalize a rule for all fluorophores, although most of the fluorophores share common rules. 

Having praised repeated measurements, we now discuss their incorporation into the planning of hydrochemical studies. A common rule of the thumb is that each water source should be studied four times to cover at least one hydrological cycle, including the four major seasons. This may be regarded as a minimum, because time-data series with only four points suffer from poor resolution. 

Protein extraction varies greatly depending on the biological sample type. It must, however, meet some common rules ... 

The production of therapeutic antibodies is guided by the same principles as are applied for recombinant proteins or plasma proteins. A common rule is to check for potency, consistency, and purity at each level of the production... 

There is plenty of experience with small reciprocating compressors for this service. Therefore, we have a pretty good understanding of the cost of these machines. The common rule of thumb for the cost of a reciprocating compressor is 1000 per hp for carbon steel construction. This can be multiplied by a material factor of between 3 and 4 to account for the use of 316L stainless steel. A larger factor is required if more exotic material is specified. 

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