Reduce CO2 emissions

Increased energy efficiency. Increasing energy efficiency and the introduction of cogeneration reduce CO2 emissions. Remember that emissions should be viewed on a global basis, as discussed in Chap. 10. 

Energy conservation directly reduces CO2 emissions. The elimination of fugitive hydrocarbon emissions as a result of improved maintenance procedures is also a tangible step that the industry is taking. 

The potential aggregate air-emission reductions at power plants due to TES can be significant. For example, TES systems have been shown to reduce CO2 emissions in the UK by 14—46% by shifting electric load to off-peak periods [11-13], while an EPRI co-sponsored analysis found that TES could... 

Worldwide, approximately 300 million tonnes of wastes per year are sent in blended form to cement plants to replace fossil fuels (up to 20%) and for use as inputs (up to 6%), thus contributing to reduce CO2 emissions [2]. This demonstrates its importance in saving natural resources. 

Indirect effects are also very likely, because if the U.S. employed technology to reduce CO2 emissions, then the resulting cost reductions would provide a competitive advantage for a while and would then be imitated by foreign competitors. This could energize global emission reductions. One path would be to develop crop strains that could take advantage of CO2. 

Figure 3 shows the e ct of Ca on Rtf. For r ladng coal with gasification oi biomass, Rn was positive at C4 of 0.005MW, vdiereas, replacing oil with combustion of biomass, Rt/ was positive at Ca of 4MW. This means that Ca ol greato than 4 MW is necessary for reducing CO2 emission in Japan. 

Tith/e 4 Area of plantation for imported biomass to reduce CO2 emission in Japan. 

Reducing CO2 emissions by substituting biomass for fossil foels, Energy, 20. pp. 

The CO2 emission reduction from both the fuel combustion and calcination in intergriding clinker with extenders is directly equal to the amount of the extender. It is proved, that mixing moderate amount of limestone with clinker up to 10% has not detrimental effect, but some characteristics of cement are improved. Therefore there are several countries, allowing mixing up to 5% of limestone to portland cement. Applying 5 % of limestone, which replaces the clinker in cement shall reduce CO2 emissions by 0.05 ton CO2 per ton of cement [6]. 

Table 4 shows evaluation results. We can see from Table 4 that introducing the proposed systems has the potential of generating 8.67 GW and of saving 12.0% of NG (29.178 million ton) consumed in NG-firing thermal plants in Japan in the year 1993 and that it has the potential of reducing CO2 emission of 9.62 x 10 t/y. 

The system has a remarkably high efficiency and is considered to be relatively easily realized based on conventional gas turbine technologies, and therefore the wide installation of the proposed system could be expected for reducing CO2 emission in the near future. 

Using flyash offers several advantages. Flyash ordinarily is dumped in landfills. Replacing cement with flyash can reduce CO2 emissions and prevent... 

There are a wide range of measures for reducing CO2-emissions, which either are aimed at energy saving or at a shift to low emission or emission-free energy sources. Most of them are associated with additional costs. Typical avoidance costs are between 100 DM per ton of avoided C02-emission to more than 2000 DM for utilization of solar cells. Nuclear energy on the other hand can reduce the emission of CO2 without additional costs or, e.g. by utilization for average load electricity or industrial process heat, with costs, which are at least well below the above-mentioned amounts. 

Furthermore, the difficulties encountered with using forecasts as a primary basis for allocations in the new Member States can expected to re-emerge in the preparation of the second NAP. Under the current rules, the 2008-2012 NAPs in new Member States would have to rely on forecasts made in 2006 for a period that is two to six years from then, well beyond a reasonable time-span necessary for the predictability that is required when distributing valuable assets. (The outcome of the public consultations on forecasts in Hungary was discussed above in detail.) The proposed total quantities will therefore be based more on the outcome of a political process that decides on the level of emissions that is considered acceptable. It was mentioned before that reducing CO2 emissions is not a primary political objective in countries that are still far from their Kyoto Protocol targets. We should not therefore expect very ambitious proposals. 

Poland signed the Climate Convention on 26 July 1994 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 13 December 2002, making the commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 6% within the period 2008-2012 compared to the 1988 emissions. These decisions were taken in Poland after a lot of hesitation and discussions, which often expressed fears as to whether the policy of reducing CO2 emission would impose too much burden on Poland, because of the heavy domination of coal in its fuel consumption. Many concerns were expressed regarding the introduction of a coal tax , which at that time was expected to be the most realistic instrument of coal emission control. However, the political will to support the efforts of the international community on climate protection prevailed. 

There are many ways in which CO2 is different from SO2 and NOx, but the one that seems to matter for allocation is the perceived potential for abatement. Put simply, the perception is that, with few exceptions, CO2 emissions cannot be reduced in relation to production other than by carbon capture and storage (CC S), which is available only at costs that are higher than any society is now willing to bear. At lower costs, this perception maintains that the only way of reducing CO2 emissions is to reduce output. This is a very different view of abatement potential from what characterises SO2 and NOx. In both cases, deep reduction technologies achieving 90% or better removal efficiency have... 

R. Wurster and W. Zittel, Energy Technologies to Reduce CO2 Emissions in Europe Prospects, Competition, Synergy. Conference proceedings, lEA-OECD, Paris, 1994. 

Sequestration will only be considered if it is cheaper than the alternatives for reducing CO2 emissions. Alternative forms of energy, including wind and nuclear energy, limit the acceptable price of CO2 sequestration. 

CO2 sequestration technology is a viable contender among a set of options to stabilize the atmospheric CO2 level over the next few decades. The technical ability to start such a process exists today, but the institutional structures required to reduce CO2 emissions are still missing. Carbon sequestration at the very least will buy time for alternatives to fossil fuels to become competitive. It is, however, equally possible that carbon sequestration may remove the major environmental obstacles to the use of fossil fuels, in which case they may prove competitive with alternatives for a long time to come. 

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