CO2 emission

Dealing with CO2 emissions. If CO2 emissions are of concern because of the greenhouse effect, then there are only two ways in which reductions can be made ... 

Increased energy efficiency. Increasing energy efficiency and the introduction of cogeneration reduce CO2 emissions. Remember that emissions should be viewed on a global basis, as discussed in Chap. 10. 

Fuel switch. Fuel switch from, say, coal to natural gas reduces the CO2 emissions for the same heat release because of the lower carbon content of natural gas. 

Global demand for electricity can be expected to eventually increase substantially over the levels of the mid-1990s. In that event, only a massive expansion in the use of biomass and other nonfossil fuel sources can slow the aimual increase in global CO2 emissions. 

Energy conservation directly reduces CO2 emissions. The elimination of fugitive hydrocarbon emissions as a result of improved maintenance procedures is also a tangible step that the industry is taking. 

Chiesa, P. and Lozza, G. (1999), CO2 emission abatement in IGCC power plants by. semi-closed cycles— Part B—with air blown combustion and COi physical absorption, ASME J. Engng Gas Turbines Power 121(4), 642-648. 

The main cause of CO2 emission is in the generation of electricity at power stations. Each kWh of electricity used in the UK produces... 

Fig. 11-21 Annual CO2 emissions from each type of fossil fuel with growth rates (Rotty, 1981).

Marland, G., Boden, T. A., Griffin, R. C., Huang, S. F., Kanciruk, P. and Nelson, T. R. (1989). Estimates of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning and cement manufacturing, based on the US Bureau of Mines cement manufacturing data. Rep. ORNL/CDIAC-25, NDP-030, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge Natl. Lab., Oak Ridge, TN. 

Siegenthaler, U. and Oeschger, H. (1987). Biospheric CO2 emissions during the past 200 years reconstructed by deconvolution of ice core data, Tellus 39B. 

The rapid pace of development of our world over the last century has heen largely based on easy access to fossil fuels. These resources are, however, limited, while their demand is growing rapidly. It is also becoming clear that the scale of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions following the use of fossil fuels is threatening the climate of the Earth. This makes the development of sustainable production and energy solutions in industry, transportation, and households the most important scientific and technical challenge of our time. 

Only two distillation stages are needed for water and propanoic acid removal. This results in lower energy consumption which contributes to the overall reduction in CO2 emissions to 0.31 t/t product compared to 0.48 t/t product with the Monsanto process. 

Improvement of conventional processes for saving energy has great impact on CO2 emission reduction. In our case, researches on reduction of energy use and conversion from batch to continuous of the powder production were conducted [12,13]. 

At present the NSR concept is only applicable in markets where low-sulfur fuels (30 ppm S or less) are available, such as in Japan and Sweden. The first NSR catalyst was applied by Toyota in 1994 and currently (end of 2000) about 300.000 cars in Japan have been equipped with it. As the sulfur specifications of fuels is to be tightened, NSR technology will find wider application, as it allows gasoline-fueled engines to operate under conditions of increased fuel efficiency, implying that CO2 emissions will be lower. 

Gerlach, T.M. (1991) Present-day CO2 emission from volcanoes. EOS (Trans Am. Geophys. Union), 72,... 

Long-term manure storage is a less significant source of CO2 emissions through aerobic bacteria activity in the manure. CO2 emissions were reported to average 59 kg CO2 m year (Chianese et al., 2009a), although data were reportedly scarce. 

Rotz et al. (2010) also calculated the CO2 emissions associated with the initial manufacture of farm machinery and maintenance, with the emissions mainly associated with the energy used to produce and process steel. An emission factor of 3.54 kg of C02e/kg of machinery mass was used. Emissions associated with machines used to produce different types of feed and to handle manure for a small farm and larger farms were also calculated (Rotz et ah, 2009). CO2 emissions due to production of seed and plastics were foimd to be small. 

---