Reactive toxicants classification

Broaden the application to cover reactive hazards resulting from process-specific conditions and combinations of chemicals. Additionally, broaden coverage of hazards from self-reactive chemicals. In expanding PSM coverage, use objective criteria. Consider criteria such as the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), a reactive hazard classification system (e.g., based on heat of reaction or toxic gas evolution), incident history, or catastrophic potential. 

Reactivity This classification includes substances that react with water violently to produce gases or explosive mixtures unstable or explosive substances and substances that contain cyanide or sulfide or generate toxic gases when exposed to a pH in the range of 2 to 12.5. 

The classification of environmental pollutants as either baseline toxicants (Table 5.2), for which reliable predictive QSARs are available, or as specifically acting (reactive) toxicants, which may be much more toxic, is feasible by experimental studies on mode of action (McKim, Bradbury and Niemi, 1987 Bradbury, Henry and Carlson, 1990 Broderius, Kahl and Hoglund, 1995 Nendza, Wenzel and Wienen, 1995) or from empirically derived structural criteria (Hermens, 1990 Lipnick, 1991 Verhaar, Leeuwen and Hermens, 1992 Jackel and Nendza, 1994 OECD, 1995 Russom etaL, 1997) and has been related to the compounds reactivity (Veith and Mekenyan, 1993) or to the differences in lipid-phase activity coefficients (Banerjee and Williams, 1993). A comparison of experimental data on fish toxicity with values calculated according to baseline toxicity models (Figure 5.7) identifies outliers with excess toxicity ... 

Federal and State laws define waste as hazardous if it is ignitable, corrosive, reactive, or toxic. Other wastes are listed by name. These may differ from lists of hazardous materials, which are regulated by OSHA and Right-to-Know. The Standard Industrial Classifications (SICs) of a physician s medical office and a dentist s office are 8011 and 8021, respectively. 

Some existing waste classification systems are quantitative. For example, the concentrations of radionuclides defining the different subclasses of low-level radioactive waste that is generally acceptable for near-surface disposal are clearly stated in the regulations (NRC, 1982a), as are the quantitative conditions defining ignitable, corrosive, reactive, and toxic hazardous chemical wastes (see Section 4.2.1.1). 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 8 Label Corrosive SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, inhalation, skin contact, and intraperitoneal routes. See also HYDROBROMIC ACID and ACETIC ACID. Violent reaction on contact with water, steam, methanol, or ethanol produces toxic and reactive HBr. When heated to decomposition it emits highly corrosive and toxic fumes of carbonyl bromide and bromine. To fight fire, use dry chemical, CO2. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 6.1 Label Poison SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed human carcinogen. A poison via inhaladon. See also ARSENIC COMPOUNDS and CHLORIDES. Very poisonous fumes in air. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of As and CL. Highly reactive. Explodes with Na, K, and A1 on impact. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 4.3 Label Dangerous When Wet SAFETY PROFILE Moderate inhalation hazard. Low skin toxicity. Reaction with moisture releases hydrogen and acetylene gases, which then ignite impurities in the alloy may liberate such poisonous and reactive gases as phosphine and arsine. Dty mixtures with sodium hydroxide react incandescently when water is added. Reaction with acid, acid fumes, or oxidizing materials can emit toxic fumes. Reaction... 

ACGIH TLV TWA 1 mg(Fe)/m3 DOT CLASSIFICATION 5.1 Label Oxidizer SAFETY PROFILE Mutation data reported. A reactive oxidizer. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic vapors of NOx. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 6.1 Label KEEP AWAY FROM FOOD SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous route. Experimental teratogenic effects. A corrosive irritant to the eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. Mutation data reported. A very reactive material, When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of K2O and F". Used in etching glass, as a preservative, as an insecticide, and in organic synthesis. See also FLUORIDES and HYDROFLUORIC ACID. 

DOT CLASSIFICATION 4.3 Label Dangerous When Wet SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal route. A ver reactive alkaK metal (more reactive than potassium or cesium). In the body, rubidium substitutes for potassium as an intracellular ion. The ratio of Rb/K intake is important in the toxicology of rubidium. A ratio above 40% is dangerous. In rats, a failure to gain weight is the first symptom, followed by ataxia and hyperirritabihty. Symptoms include skin ulcers, poor hair coat, sensitivity, and extreme nervousness leading to convulsions and death. 

A9.6.4.7 The Nordic Council of Ministers issued a report (Pederson et al, 1995) entitled Environmental Hazard Classification, that includes information on data collection and interpretation, as well as a section (5.2.8) entitled QSAR estimates of water solubility and acute aquatic toxicity . This section also discusses the estimation of physicochemical properties, including log Kow For the sake of classification purposes, estimation methods are recommended for prediction of minimum acute aquatic toxicity, for ...neutral, organic, non-reactive and non-ionizable compounds such as alcohols, ketones, ethers, alkyl, and aryl halides, and can also be used for aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons as well as sulphides and disulphides, as cited in an earlier OECD Guidance Document (OECD, 1995). The Nordic document also includes diskettes for a computerized application of some of these methods. 

Calculated values for chronic toxicity to fish and Daphnia should not be used to overrule classification based on experimental acute toxicity data. Only a few validated models are available for calculating prolonged toxicity for fish and Daphnia. These models are based solely on log K w correlations and are limited in their application to non-reactive, non-electrolyte organic compounds, and are not suitable for chemicals with specific modes of action under prolonged exposure conditions. The reliable estimation of chronic toxicity values depends on the correct discrimination between non-specific and specific chronic toxicity mechanisms otherwise, the predicted toxicity can be wrong by orders of magnitude. It should be noted that although for many compounds, excess toxicity" in a chronic test correlates with excess toxicity in an acute test, this is not always the case. 

Section 4.3 addresses the requirements for the control of chemicals used in laboratories, including particularly hazardous substances. The requirements consolidated in this section include those that address the preparation of a chemical hygiene plan fire hazard classification fire protection plans and equipment special protections for explosives the handling, transfer and transport of flammable, reactive or toxic chemicals and compressed gases in laboratories and additional laboratory safety controls. 

Classification Mixed petroleum hydrocarbons Definition Mixed isomer contg. 85% nonane and 15% trimethylbenzene Properties Colorless clear liq. petrol, odor misc. with abs. alcohol, benzene, ether, chloroform, CCI CS2, most org. soivs. insol. in water m.w. 150 sp.gr. 0.78 f.p. -70 C b.p. 157-196 C flash pt. (CC) 40 C ref. index 1.43 (20 C) KB value 32-37 Toxicology ACGIH TLV/TWA100 ppm LD50 (oral, rat) > 5 g/kg, (skin, rabbit) > 3 g/kg LCLo (inh., cat, 2.5 h) 10 g/m mildly toxic by inh. (irritation, CNS effects, headache, dizziness, confusion, fatigue) human eye irritant probably a mild to mod. skin irritation TSCA listed Precaution Combustible flamm. exposed to heat or flame explosive in vapor form when exposed to heat or flame reactive with oxidizing materials... 

Synonyms Condensation prods., epoxy Epoxides, polymers, epoxy resins Epoxy compds. Ethers, cyclic, epoxides, polymers Plastics, epoxy Polyethers, epoxy resins Classification Polymer Definition A thermosetting resin based on the reactivity of the epoxide group Toxicology LD50 (oral, rat) 2200 mg/kg strong skin irritant in uncured state poison by inhalation moderately toxic by ingestion little or no toxicity in cured state Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits toxic fumes of Cr... 

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