Acute toxicity data

Toxicity. Acute toxicity data for neopentyl glycol (1) are reported in Table 2. 

Toxicity. Acute toxicity data are reported ia Table 2 (11). 

Eastman Chemical Co., BASF, Mitsubishi Gas, and Union Carbide are manufacturers of this glycol. The U.S. price in June 1993 was 2.97/kg. Toxicity. Acute toxicity data for (9) appear in Table 2. 

The effect of pyrogaHol on algae has also been studied (27). Acute toxicity data include oral LD q (rat) = 789 mg/kg, intraperitoneal LD3Q (mouse) = 400 mg/kg, and oral LD q (rabbit) = 1600 mg/kg (28). 

A wide variety of stmetures exist in the cyanine, merocyanine, and oxonol classes of dyes. Properties that may affect toxicity vary widely also. These include solubihty, propensity to be oxidized or reduced, aggregation tendency, and diffusion through membranes. Specific acute toxicity data are Hsted in Table 2, and the LD q data vary widely with the test used. 

Table 2. Acute Toxicity Data for Cyanine Dyes ...

Some acute toxicity data for OPs are given in Table 10.2, and a few compounds of very high OP toxicity are highlighted in Table 10.3. 

Edson, E.F., Sanderson, D.M., and Noakes, D.N. (1966). Acute toxicity data for pesticides. World Review of Pest Control 5 (3) Autumn, 143-151. 

Kinkead ER, Bunger SK, Wolfe RE. 1992c. Acute toxicologic evaluation of a cyclotriphosphazene hydraulic fluid. Acute Toxicity Data 1 219. 

Because the AEGL-2 values based upon acute toxicity were equivalent to or lower than the 10 4 risk values derived based on potential carcinogenicity, the acute toxicity data were used for the AEGLs for dimethylhydrazine. For 1CT5 and ICE6 risk levels, the ICE4 values are reduced by 10-fold or 100-fold, respectively. 

Most often, response-dose curves are developed using acute toxicity data. Chronic toxicity data are usually considerably different. Furthermore, the data are complicated by differences in group age, sex, and method of delivery. If several chemicals are involved, the toxicants might interact additively (the combined effect is the sum of the individual effects), synergisti-cally (the combined effect is more than the individual effects), potentiately (presence of one increases the effect of the other), or antagonistically (both counteract each other). 

PNECs themselves are preferentially extrapolated from chronic toxicity data or, if no long-term data are available, acute toxicity data [51] they generally refer to algae, daphnia or fish toxicity. Sanderson et al., Stuer-Lauridsen et al., Boillot and Ferrari et al. [108-111] have reported PNECs for a large list of PhCs, and [49,112] recently proposed a model for the predicting PNEC of a substance, taking into consideration its acidic or basic behaviour in the environment. This procedure... 

Vernot EH, Drew RT, Kane ML. 1990c. Acute toxicologic evaluation of 6 fuel oil. Acute Toxic Data 1(2) 137. 

First of all, the very existence of human acute toxicity data points to a hazard. Human acute toxicity data often provide more qualitative information than animal data in the form of details about signs and symptoms and targets in the body, and follow-up data on duration of symptoms and revers-ibdity. The data usually derive from case stories of accidents and poisonings, and exposure data may or may not be available and reliable, see Section 3.2.1. 

Animal acute toxicity data have traditionally been used almost exclusively for classification purposes, and the classic smdy design for acute toxicity smdies has only provided information about lethality. However, with the development of the newer designs for acute toxicity smdies, more emphasis has been put on observation of animals and description of signs and symptoms of acute... 

A Dutch smdy (Wilschut et al. 1998, as reviewed in Vermeire et al. 1999) has evaluated route-to-route extrapolation on the basis of absorption or acute toxicity data. Data were collected primarily on dermal and inhalation repeated dose toxicity. An extrapolation factor, defined as the factor that is applied in route-to-route extrapolation to account for differences in the expression of systemic toxicity between exposure routes, was determined for each substance by using data on absorption and acute toxicity data. As experimental data on absorption often were not available, default values for absorption were also used to determine an extrapolation factor. Despite a rather large overall database, relatively few data could be used for the evaluation and the selection criteria were modified in order to include data that initially were considered less suitable for data analysis interspecies extrapolation based on caloric demands was introduced, and a factor of 3 was applied in case a LOAEL instead of a NOAEL was available. The choice of NOAELs for different exposure routes known for a substance suitable for analysis was based primarily on the same effect, but this criterion could not be maintained. 

Figure 13.1 Correlation between rat LD50 and mouse LD50 values (mg kg ) for 392 chemicals included in the EPA s Toxic Release Inventory list of toxic chemicals which have acute toxicity data (LD50s) reported in the EPA ACToR database [3].

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