Flame and explosion

M. V. Blank, P. G. Guest, G. von Elbe, and B. Lewis, Third Symposium, Combustion, Flame and Explosion Phenomena, WiUiams WUkens, Baltimore,... 

S. Glasstone, K.J. Laidler and H. Eyring. The Theory of Rate Processes, McGraw-Hill NY (1941). B. Lewis and G. von Elbe. Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases, 3rd edn, Academic... 

Lewis, B., and G. von Elbe (1987). Combustion Flames and Explosions of Cases. 3rd Edition. Orlando, EL Academic Press. 

Lewis, B. and von Elbe, G. 1987. Combustion, Flames, and Explosions of Gases. 3rd ed. Academic Press, New York, NY. 

Branching steps are of major importance in flames and explosions, in both gas and liquid phases. The best-established examples are for gas-phase reactions. One reaction in which they play a pivotal role is a seemingly simple one,... 

Experiments in closed vessels by Abdel-Gayed and Bradley [19], left Ka.Le = 0.003 continuous laminar flame sheet, right Ka.Le = 0.238 breakup of the continuous flame sheet. (Reprinted from Lewis, B. and Von Elbe, G., Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases, Academic Press, New York, 1961. With permission. Figure 204, p. 401, copyright New York Academic Press (Elsevier editions).)... 

A drop of cone, alkali solution added to solid nitramide causes a flame and explosive decomposition. 

M F. Benington, Symposium on Combustion and Flame and Explosion Phenomena, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1949, p. 448. 

Lewis, B. und Elbe, G. von Combustion, Flames and Explosives of Gases, 3. Aufl., Academic Press, Orlando, Florida 1987 Energetic Materials New Synthesis Routes, Ignition, Propagation and Stability of Detonation, Hrsg. Field, J.E. und Gray, R, The Royal Society, London 1992... 

General References Crowl and Louvar, Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with Applications, 2d ed., Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J., 2002, Chaps. 6 and 7. Crowl, Understanding Explosions, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, New York, 2003. Eckoff, Dust Explosions in the Process Industries, 2d ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, now Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1997. Kinney and Graham, Explosive Shocks in Air, 2d ed., Springer-Verlag, New York, 1985. Lewis and von Elbe, Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases, 3d ed., Academic Press, New York, 1987. Mannan, Lees Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 3d ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005, Chap. 16 Fire, Chap. 17 Explosion. 

The bond energy of the H-H bond is 431 kJ/mol. Electron affinity of hydrogen is low (-72 kJ/mol), where hydrogen reacts in this marmer only with the most reactive metals. The ionization potential of hydrogen is relatively high (1312 kJ/mol). Hydrogen bums with a veiy hot flame and explosion in air ... 

Williams, G.C., H.C. Hottel, and A. C. Scurlock. 1949. Flame stabilization and propagation in high-velocity gas streams. 3rd Symposium on Combustion, Flame and Explosion Phenomena Proceedings. Baltimore The Williams and Wilkins Co. 21-40. 

Some of the more important lists of hazardous substances controlled by the OSHA begin with safety from flame and explosion. 

Flame and explosion hazards Toxic chemicals in plants Food, drink, and air... 

Transportation of raw materials to depots and plants, by oil tankers, natural gas pipelines, barges, trains, and trucks, can create hazards. Another set of transportation hazards is posed by chemical intermediates (produced in one plant and transported to another plant for further processing) and industrial wastes. Sometimes, they travel past crowded urban areas, pristine beaches, and harbor tunnels. The hazards of oil spills on beaches by tankers are well known, and so are the instances of ruptures and breaks in oil and natural gas pipelines, which produce fire and pollution hazards. Trains and trucks can overturn in centers of habitation, and can lead to flames and explosions, as well as toxic hazards to the community. Toxic chemicals are barred from being trucked in tunnels under harbors and rivers. The storage of raw material and intermediates at plants or... 

The chemical reactor is the most hazardous unit in any chemical plant because most accidents occur by uncontrolled reaction, either within the reactor or after reactants have escaped the reactor and perhaps reacted with oxygen in air. Obviously no reactor or piping can withstand the temperatures and pressures of total combustion unless designed specifically for these conditions. We will consider the energy balance and temperature variations in continuous reactors in more detail in Chapters 5 and 6, while flames and explosions will be considered in Chapter 10. 

The boundaries between stable flames and explosions are very fuzzy because they depend on traces of chemicals in the vessel, which may act as initiators or scavengers, and they depend strongly on the size and composition of the walls of the vessel. These diagrams are shown to illustrate the complexities in predicting the behavior of ary chain reaction, even a simple one such as H2 + O2. 

Since an explosive solid contains fuel and oxidant in close proximity, the exothermic reaction can occur very quickly and without diffusion control, justas for separate fuel and oxidant systems. Premixed flames and explosions with gases involve the same basic idea with both fuel and oxidant mixed before reaction begins (and potentially disastrous consequences if they are ignited with inappropriate mixtures and confinement). 

B. Lewis G. von Elbe, "Combustion Flames and Explosion of Gases", Academic Press, NY (1961) 731pp... 

Refs 1) B. Lewis G. von Elbe,. Combustion, Flame, and Explosion of Gases , Oxford Univ Press, London (1938) la) K.I. Shchelkin, DoklAkadN 23, 636(1939) (On the theory of detonation initiation for gaseous mixtures in pipes) lb) K.I. Shchelkin, ZhEksper i TeoretFiz 10, 823(1940) (The effect of rough-... 

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