Rashes intravenous

Dermal/Ocular Effects. Skin rashes have been infrequently reported in humans after inhalation exposure (Gordon 1944 McGuire 1932). No data were available on effects by oral exposure or dermal contact. Because the effects were sporadic, no firm conclusions can be made regarding the potential effects of carbon tetrachloride on the skin in humans. No reports are available on the effects of carbon tetrachloride on the eyes. In mice, selective localization of bound radioactivity was observed in the conjunctival epithelium after intravenous injection (Brittebo et al. 1990). However, in the absence of carbon tetrachloride-induced lesions in the conjunctiva, the significance of this metabolism and molecular binding is not clear. 

Clindamycin can be administered orally with a high bioavailability. Also formulations for intravenous administration exist. Protein binding is about 90%. It is distributed throughout the body except the CNS. It shows excellent penetration in bone and in empyema and abscesses. It is metabolized in the liver and excreted in the bile. The elimination half-life is about 3 h. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal distress, skin rashes and decreased liver function. Pseudomembranous colitis is relatively frequently seen due to resistance of Clostridium difficile. 

The most common side effects, which are related to the intravenous infusion itself, include rash, low blood pressure, chills, and chest pain. These symptoms are generally temporary and often respond to a decrease in infusion rate. In addition, some patients develop antibodies, which have been associated in rare cases with symptoms similar to those of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. These symptoms were also temporary. Another side effect is increased risk of infections. Fatal cases of tuberculosis have been reported following infliximab therapy. Another potential side effect is an increased risk of lymphoma. Its occurrence remains controversial. 

The incidence of side effects associated with erythromycin therapy is very low. Mild gastrointestinal upset with nausea, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are reported to occur more commonly when the propionate and es-tolate salts are used. Rashes are seen infrequently but may be a part of a general hypersensitivity reaction that includes fever and eosinophilia. Thrombophlebitis may follow intravenous administration, as may transient impairment of hearing. 

The major adverse effect associated with vancomycin therapy is ototoxicity, which may result in tinnitus, high-tone hearing loss, and deafness in extreme instances. More commonly, the intravenous infusion of vancomycin can result in chills, fever, and a maculopapular skin rash often involving the head and upper thorax (red man syndrome). Red man syndrome is associated with increased levels of serum histamine. Vancomycin is rarely nephrotoxic when used alone. Teicoplanin rarely causes red man syndrome or nephrotoxicity. 

The adverse effects of valacyclovir and acyclovir are similar. Toxicity is generally minimal, consisting largely of headache, nausea, and diarrhea. Less frequently observed are skin rash, fatigue, fever, hair loss, and depression. Reversible renal dysfunction (azotemia) and neurotoxicity (tremor, seizure, delirium) are dose-Umiting toxicides of intravenous acyclovir. Adequate hydration and slow drug infusion can minimize the risk of renal toxicity. 

The toxicities of 5-fluorouracil vary with the schedule and mode of administration. Nausea is usually mild if it occurs at all. Myelosuppression is most severe after intravenous bolus administration, with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia appearing 7 to 14 days after an injection. Daily injection or continuous infusion is most likely to produce oral mucositis, pharyngitis, diarrhea, and alopecia. Skin rashes and nail discoloration have been reported, as have photosensitivity and increased skin pigmentation on sun exposure. Neurological toxicity is manifested as acute cerebellar ataxia that may occur within a few days of beginning treatment. 

They produces headache, dizziness, dry mouth, rashes. CNS effects include restlessness, delirium, hallucinations, convulsion and coma. Intravenous bolus injection cause bradycardia, arrhythmia and... 

Suramin is administered after a 200-mg intravenous test dose. Regimens that have been used include 1 g on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 or 1 g each week for 5 weeks. Combination therapy with pentamidine may improve efficacy. Suramin can also be used for chemoprophylaxis against African trypanosomiasis. Adverse effects are common. Immediate reactions can include fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and, more rarely, seizures, shock, and death. Later reactions include fever, rash, headache, paresthesias, neuropathies, renal abnormalities including proteinuria, chronic diarrhea, hemolytic anemia, and agranulocytosis. 

Rapid intravenous administration may result in hypotension. Adverse idiosyncratic responses such as flushing, abdominal discomfort, and rash have also been observed. Pulmonary complications (eg, acute respiratory distress syndrome) have been reported in some patients undergoing deferoxamine infusions lasting longer than 24 hours, and neurotoxicity and increased susceptibility to certain infections (eg, with Yersinia enterocolitica) have been described after long-term therapy of iron overload conditions (eg, thalassemia major). 

Vaghjimal A, Rosenstreich D, Hudes G. Fever, rash and worsening of asthma in response to intravenous hydrocortisone. Int J Clin Pract 1999 53(7) 567-8. 

Angioedema has been reported in an obese woman after she had taken pioglitazone 30 mg/day for 7 days (130). She developed a sore throat followed by dyspnea and swelling of the lips and tongue. There was no rash. After intravenous glucocorticoids her symptoms rapidly abated. 

Common adverse events include joint pain, joint swelling, and hypotension. Central intravenous line usage may be associated with pulmonary emboli and sepsis. Other events, such as nausea, rash, pruritus, flushing, and fever occurred in 1-6% of treatments in both sham and treatment groups in the double-blind trial. Rare leukocytoclastic vasculitis has been documented. 

Common adverse effects are diarrhea, nausea, and skin rashes. Impaired liver function (with or without jaundice) and neutropenia sometimes occur. Severe diarrhea and enterocolitis have followed clindamycin administration. Antibiotic-associated colitis that has followed administration of clindamycin and other drugs is caused by toxigenic C difficile. This potentially fatal complication must be recognized promptly and treated with metronidazole, 500 mg orally or intravenously three times a day (the preferred therapy), or vancomycin, 125 mg orally four times a day (less desirable given the increasing prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci). Relapse may occur. 

Voriconazole is the newest triazole to be licensed in the USA. It is available in intravenous and oral formulations. The recommended dosage is 400 mg/d. The drug is well absorbed orally, with a bioavailability exceeding 90%, and exhibits less protein binding than itraconazole. Metabolism is predominantly hepatic, but the propensity for inhibition of mammalian P450 appears to be low. Observed toxicities include rash, elevated hepatic enzymes, and transient visual disturbances. 

Flu-like symptoms (eg, fever, shivering, headache, vomiting) have been reported following the intravenous use of Echinacea extracts. Adverse effects with oral commercial formulations are minimal and most often include unpleasant taste, gastrointestinal upset, or central nervous system effects (eg, headache, dizziness). Allergic reactions such as rash, acute asthma, and anaphylaxis have been infrequently reported. 

---