Intravenous bolus administration

Equation (9) is most often associated with intravenous bolus administration, although proper definition of A, allows this equation to apply to extravascular and intravenous infusion administrations. 

Following intravenous bolus administration, the partition coefficients for a noneliminating blood flow-limited compartment is... 

The most sensitive technique for measuring brain uptake is the intravenous bolus administration or infusion and subsequent measurement of brain concentrations (Figure 2.4). Depending on the pharmacokinetics of the test compound in plasma, brain sampling may be performed after suitable circulation times ranging from minutes to hours or days. 

The toxicities of 5-fluorouracil vary with the schedule and mode of administration. Nausea is usually mild if it occurs at all. Myelosuppression is most severe after intravenous bolus administration, with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia appearing 7 to 14 days after an injection. Daily injection or continuous infusion is most likely to produce oral mucositis, pharyngitis, diarrhea, and alopecia. Skin rashes and nail discoloration have been reported, as have photosensitivity and increased skin pigmentation on sun exposure. Neurological toxicity is manifested as acute cerebellar ataxia that may occur within a few days of beginning treatment. 

Route of administration NovoSeven is intended for intravenous bolus administration only, after reconstitution with the appropriate volume of sterile water for injection. 

Redistribution of thiopental after an intravenous bolus administration. Note that the time axis is not linear. 

The amide local anesthetics are widely distributed after intravenous bolus administration. There is also evidence that sequestration can occur in lipophilic storage sites (eg, fat). After an initial rapid distribution phase, which consists of uptake into highly perfused organs such as the brain, liver, kidney, and heart, a slower distribution phase occurs with uptake into moderately well-perfused tissues, such as muscle and the gastrointestinal tract. As a result of the extremely short plasma half-lives of the ester type agents, their tissue distribution has not been extensively studied. 

Nephrotoxicity in the form of proteinuria and glomerular calcification following intravenous (bolus) administration at 284 and 408mg/kg/day for 14 days. These findings were not seen at 1 and 28 mg/kg/day... 

The disposition kinetics of diclofenac was determined in awake Beagle dogs after single Intravenous bolus administration of a 4 mg dose. The intravenous dose was administered into the left cephalic vein. Blood samples (3 ml) were drawn from the vein in the opposite leg at intervals over 30 h after dosing. These samples were heparinized and centrifuged immediately to isolate the plasma fraction. Samples were stored frozen until analyzed. 

Figure 8.7 Indocyanine profile at the sampling location z = 1220 cm after intravenous bolus administration of 10 mg. The peaks correspond to successive passes of the drug bolus from the sampling site as a result of recirculation. The dots indicate the experimental data.

Waisman D, Weintraub Z, Rotschild A, Bental Y. Myoclonic movements in very low birth weight premature infants associated with midazolam intravenous bolus administration. Pediatrics 1999 104(3 Part 1) 579. 

The function H(f) describes drug disposition after intravenous bolus administration of a unit dose at time f. The interplay of these functions and associated physiological processes is represented schematically in Figure 4.8. This expression for X(t) is termed the... 

FIGURE 10.1 Fit obtained using a one-compartment model (see Equation 10.6) to fit plasma concentration-vs-time data observed following intravenous bolus administration of a drug designates the actual measured concentrations and Cp-g represents the concentrations predicted by the pharmacokinetic model. (Adapted from Grasela XH Jr, Sheiner LB. J Pliarmacokinet Biopharm 1991 19(suppl) 25S-36S.)... 

FIGURE 10.2 Fit obtained using a one-compartment model to fit plasma concentration-vs-time data observed following intravenous bolus administration of a drug. Each panel represents an individual patient. 

FIGURE 10.4 Grapliical illustration of the statistical model used in NONMEM for the special case of a one-compartment model following intravenous bolus administration of a drug. , patient / , patient k. (Adapted from Vozeh S et al. Eur J Clin Pliarmacol 1982 23 445-51.)... 

Robinson RF, Nahata MC. Safety of intravenous bolus administration of gentamicin in pediatric patients. Ann Pharmacother 2001 35(11) 1327-31. 

Mechlorethamine HCl (Mustargen) was formerly used primarily in the combination chemotherapy regimen MOPP (mechlorethamine, vincristine [Oncovin], procarbazine, and prednisone) in patients with Hodgkin s disease. It is given by intravenous bolus administration in doses of 6 mg/m on days 1 and 8 of the 28-day cycles of each course of treatment. It has been largely replaced by cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and other more stable alkylating agents. It also is used topically for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma as a solution that is rapidly mixed and applied to affected areas of skin. 

Figure 25-4. Redistribution of thiopental after intravenous bolus administration. (Reproduced, with permission, from Katzung BG [editor] Basic Clinical Pharmacology, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.)...

Lidocaine follows a two-compartment model. The volume of distribution and Vss) varies with concomitant diseases or conditions as shown below. Loading doses, based on 1/, are adjusted depending on concomitant disease because the cardiovascular and central nervous systems behave as though they were located in the central compartment. Following intravenous bolus administration lidocaine concentrations fall rapidly (Ty2a = 8 min). ... 

Gallo et al. have developed the area method for calculation of partition coefhcients for both blood flow-limited and membrane-limited compartments. Following intravenous bolus administration, the partition coefficient for a non-ehminating blood flow-limited compartment is... 

A. Hypotension or an anaphylactoid-type reaction may occur from veiy rapid intravenous bolus administration this may be avoided by limiting the rate of administration to 15 mg/kg/h. 

How the fundamental pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug are obtained following the intravenous bolus administration of a drug will be discussed below. These parameters, in turn, form a basis for making rational decisions about the dosing of drugs in therapeutics. The following assumptions are made in these discussions (Fig. 3.1) ... 

Intravenous bolus administration monitoring drug in urine... 

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