Rapid tests

Pulverit planetaiy mills are available from Geoscience Inc. Highspeed planetary-baU mills can be used to perform rapid tests to sinmlate ball milhng of materials [Vock, DECHEMA-Monogr, 69, HI-8 (1972)]. The size of high-speed mills will be much smaller than the size of same-capacity ball mills [Bradley, S. Afr Mech. Eng., 22, 129 (1972)]. 

J. W. Boivin, J. W. Costerton, E. J. Laishley, and R. Bryant. A new rapid test for microbial corrosion detection and biocide evaluation. In Proceedings Volume, pages 537-547. 2nd Inst Gas Technol Gas, Oil, Coal, Environ Biotechnol Int Symp (New Orleans, LA, 12/11-12/13), 1989. 

I. Drela, P. Falewicz, and S. Kuczkowska. New rapid test for evaluation of scale inhibitors. Water Research, 32(10) 3188-3191, October 1998. 

HIV diagnosis is made either by a positive HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or rapid test (these tests may be positive as soon as 3 to 6 weeks after infection) and then confirmed by a positive confirmatory test, usually the HIV Western blot (Table 84-1). 

The diagnosis of HIV infection is made either by a baseline serologic screening test such as the ELISA or a rapid test. If reactive, then a confirmatory test is performed. The Western blot (WB) is the gold standard confirmatory test and is commonly used. The WB is considered reactive if two of the three major... 

Rapid tests (currently Detects HIV antibodies within minutes of sample application... 

Rapid test for normal distribution Range test of David et al. [1954]... 

Microwave heating can readily be adapted to a parallel or automatic sequential processing format. In particular, the latter technique allows for the rapid testing of new ideas and high-speed optimization of reaction conditions. The fact that a... 

Bors W, Michel C and Saran M. 1984. Inhibition of the bleaching of the carotenoid crocin. A rapid test for quantifying antioxidant activity. Biochim Biophys Acta Lipids Lipid Metab 796(3) 312-319. 

Selection of a suitable analytical method can be made once the reason for carrying out the analysis is well understood. Analytical methods may be (a) qualitative or (b) quantitative or semi-quantitative. The former usually pose few problems if only an indication is required as to whether a particular analyte is present or not - certainly not how much with a value having a small uncertainty. If a negative result is required (i.e. confirmation of absence from the product), then one has only to worry about the limit of detection of the test used. Many tests to confirm the absence of impurities in pharmaceutical products fall into this category. Equally, rapid tests for positive confirmation are often made on unknown substances. These may subsequently be confirmed by other, quantitative tests. Quantitative methods are used in a variety of situations and a variety of different methods can be employed. What you must always remember is that the method used must be fit for the purpose. 

Some empirical testing regimes, particularly those used to test the suitability of flour for products other than bread, have come about because of a need for a rapid test to show that a flour would work in a specific plant. Some cases require a test that can distinguish between flours that have a similar analysis but where only some of the flours would be satisfactory. 

Rapid tests have allowed for prompt diagnosis and initiation of antiviral therapy and decreased inappropriate use of antibiotics. 

FIGURE 7.8 Decision tree that could be used to rapidly test discovery PK samples for matrix effects. Source Adapted from Larger, P.J. et al., J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2005, 29, 206. With permission.)... 

An official gas chromatographic method [29] is available from the determination of volatile fatty acids in sewage sludge. This method is based on gas liquid chromatographic estimation with a flame ionization detector, and is applicable up to 2000mg total volatile fatty acids per litre, while the concentrations of individual fatty acids can also be determined. Where this method is not practicable an empirical method based on the spectrophotometric determination of ferric hydroxamates can be used, giving a value for total fatty acids expressed as acetic acid. For control purposes a rapid test is described in which the volatile fatty acids are determined by electrometric titrimetry on the neutralized sludge obtained from the determination of alkalinity. 

Characterizing the site. The customized site characterization plan is implemented by conducting a detailed site investigation and rapid testing of the water, air, and soil. 

A variety of miscellaneous elements can also occur in a residual fuel oil fraction. For example, chlorine is present as a chlorinated hydrocarbon and can be determined (ASTM D808, D1317, D6160). A rapid test method suitable for analysis of samples by nontechnical personnel is also available (ASTM D5384) and uses a commercial test kit where the oil sample is reacted with metallic sodium to convert organic halogens to halide, which is titrated with mercuric nitrate using diphenyl carbazone indicator. Iodides and bromides are reported as chloride. 

Jellett, J.F., et al.. Detection of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins in shellfish tissue using MIST Alert, a new rapid test, in parallel with the regulatory AOAC mouse bioassay, Toxicon, 40, 10, 1407, 2002. 

Biological methods This is the oldest group of test methods. In the past, cats were administered food filtrates intraperitoneally, and if the samples being tested were contaminated the cats would vomit. Animal tests are no longer used due to ethical and financial considerations. Cell cultures are now recommended. They are sensitive, cheap, and rapid tests - the cytotoxicity effect may be observed after only two hours (Normanno et al., 2001) - however such tests are not widely applied. 

United Nations International Drug Control Programme, Rapid Testing Methods of Drugs of Abuse , ST/NAR/13/BJiV.l, United Nations, New York, 1994. 

The test based on motility inhibition of the bacterium Spirillum volutants is a very simple and rapid test for the qualitative screening of wastewater samples or extracts [48]. The organisms are observed under the microscope immediately after the addition of the test solution. The maintenance of a bacterial culture is necessary as in the previous type of assay. 

Direct injection of blood serum (102) or sample extracts with little or no cleanup (53) is possible, which makes HPLC procedures comparable in speed with other rapid tests With increased use of solid-phase absorption in cleanup, automation of procedures is feasible TLC is also a useful and inexpensive technique and quantitative TLC methods have been described (30,63) The following chapter describes practical application of various procedures in a drug residue monitoring program ... 

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