Radiological impact

This section should provide a description of the measures that will be taken to control discharges to the environment of solid, liquid and gaseous radioactive effluents these discharges should be in accordance with the ALARA principle. This section  

This section should cover all aspects of site activity that have the potential to affect the radiological impacts of the site throughout the lifetime of the plant, including construction, operation under normal conditions and 

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Stranden E., 1983, Assessment of the Radiological Impact of Using Fly Ash in Cement, Health Phys, 44, 145-153. 

Stranden E., 1985, The Radiological Impact of Mining in a Thorium-Rich Norwegian Area, Health Phys. 48, 415-420. 

The radiological impact of being exposed to a given atmosphere is, however, only partly determined by the PAEC, but also by the likelihood of deposition of the inhaled activity at specific sites in the respiratory tract and thus for a given value of PAEC upon the fraction of the progeny in both the attached and the unattached state. Several models for the radiological dose received over a given time... 

Clooth, G. and D.C. Aumann. 1990. Environmental transfer parameters and radiological impact of the Chernobyl fallout in and around Bonn (FRG). Jour. Environ. Radioactivity 12 97-119. 

Bonotto, D. M. 1998. Generic performance assessment for a deep repository for low and intermediate level waste in the UK - a case study in assessing radiological impacts on the natural environment. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 66, 89-119. 

EPA. 1979. Radiological impact caused by emissions of radionuclides into air in the United States -preliminary report. Washington, DC U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Radiation Programs (ANR-460). EPA 520/7-79-006. NTIS No. PB80-122336. 

Deficiencies in the Radioactive Waste Classification System. The classification system for radioactive waste in the United States summarized in Table 1.1 is based primarily on the earliest descriptions of different classes of waste that arises from chemical reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel and subsequent processing of nuclear materials that were developed beginning in the late 1950s. These wastes were considered to be the most important in regard to potential radiological impacts on workers. 

Crick, M.J. Linsley, G.S. (1983) An assessment of the radiological impact of the Windscale reactor fire of October, 1957. National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton. Report R-135, Addendum. 

The radiological impact of the Chernobyl debris compared with that from nuclear weapons fallout. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 6,151-62. Aarkrog, A. Lippert, J. (1971) Direct contamination of barley with 51 Cr,59Fe,58 Co, 65Zn, 203Hg and 210Pb. Radiation Botany, 11, 463-72. 

Guenot, J., Caput, C., Belot, Y., Bourdeau, F. Angeletti, L. (1982) Depot de l iode sur les v6g6taux influence de l ouverture stomatique et de l humidite relative. Proc. Joint Protection Meeting on Radiological Impact of Nuclear Power Plants on Man and the Environment. Lausanne. 

Gogolak CV. 1985. The radiological impact of atmospheric emissions from oil shale retorts. Environ Int 11 57-64. 

VeskaE, Eaton RS. 1991. Abandoned Rayrock uranium mill tailings in the Northwest Territories environmental conditions and radiological impact. Health Phys 60(3) 399-409. 

McBride J. P., Moore R. E., Witherspoon J. P., and Blanco R. E. (1978) Radiological impact of airborne effluents of coal and nuclear power plants. Science 202, 1045-1050. 

To provide reassurance that the radiological impact of authorised discharges of radioactive waste and other transfers of radioactivity into the environment is acceptable - incorporating monitoring related to less significant exposure pathways. 

A detailed report on radiological impact of airborne effluents of coal-fired and nuclear power plants has been published by McBride et al. (1977). Data based on the same report are also presented by Torrey (1978). Here is the summary of their reports. 

Additional readings on the subject of radiological impact of coal burning power plants can be found in references Aigneperse et al. (1982), Blackburn and Gneran (1979), Halbritter et al. (1982) Watanabe et al. (1980), Valkovic (1983). 

From Radiological impact of uranium recovery in the phosphate industry. Nuclear Safety, Vol. 22, No. 1 (1981). 

Camplin, W.C., Coal-fired power stations—the radiological impact of effluent discharges to atmosphere. NRPB-R107, 1980. 

Mastinu, G.G., The radiological impact of geothermal energy. In Seminar on the radiological burden of man from natural radioactivity in the countries of the European Communities, pp. 437-445. CEC Report V/2408/80, 1980. 

Radon exhalation is the flux of Rn from surfaces of U-containing materials. In many instances, it is necessary to measure this flux to determine the source term of radon represented by the material (e.g. radon exhaled from tailings dams as a radiological impact on the public or from building materials used for houses, to determine the potential radiation hazard). There are various ways to measure this parameter. 

Baeza, A., Del Rio, M., Miro, C. and Paniagua, J., Radiological impact of the Almaraz nuclear power plant (Spain) during 1986 to 1989 on surrounding environment. J.Radioanal. Nucl.Chem., 152(1991) 175. 

Ter-Saakov, A.A., Glebov, M.V. and Gordeev, S.K., Working Materials to The 1st IAEA Co-ordinate Meeting on The Radiological Impact of Hot Beta Particles from the Chernobyl Fallout Risk Assessment, August 26-30, 1991, Kiev, Ukraine, CIS. 

The chemical similarity between Sr and the essential nutrient, Ca, and the resulting poor biological discrimination (Nisbet and Woodman, 2000 Morgan et al., 2001 Sysoeva et al., 2005) between them is the key to determination of the radiological impact of the contaminant. Like Ca, Sr can be taken up directly by plants following foliar interception (Carini and Lombi, 1997 Madoz-Escande... 

From new data and from evaluation of published information, it appears that the magnitudes of uptake of actinide elements by plants from contaminated soil generally are less than the value used in the assessment of radiological impact for the LMFBR environmental assessment. The CR value of approximately 10-1 used in the impact assessment exceeds most observed values for Pu (Fig. 3), and appears conservative for incorporation into foods by the root pathway. Even after 30 years of residence time in the biologically active environment of the Oak Ridge floodplain, greater than 99% of the Pu in this ecosystem remains associated with the soil. The observed CR value is 10-3. For this time frame, there is no evidence that ecological or soil processes will cause the soil-to-plant transfer of Pu to approach the 10-1 value used in the LMFBR... 

Two potential pathways of actinide transfer from marine environments to human populations may cause increased intake and concommitant radiological impact. These are the consumption by humans of seaweed and fish protein concentrate. For restricted human populations, seaweed in the form of laverbread (49, 60), for example, can serve as a basic component of the diet. Seaweed has been shown to concentrate Pu by a factor of 21,000 times its surrounding medium (57). Thus, where it may be a significant dietary item, seaweed is a potentially Important vector for transfer of environmental Pu to human populations. The second potential source of Pu and other actinides to humans is from consumption of fish protein concentrate prepared by processing whole fish. Since concentrations of Pu in liver and GI tract may be 20 and 1000 times greater respectively than muscle, this food source may serve as a significant vector for Pu to human populations (16). 

S. F. Mobbs, M. P. Harvey, J. S. Martin, A. Mayall and M. E. Jones, Comparison of the Waste Management Aspects of Spent Fuel Disposal and Reprocessing Post Disposal Radiological Impact, NRPB report EUR 13561 EN, UK, 1991. 

Khater, A.E.M., Higgy, R.H., Pimpl, M., 2001. Radiological impacts of natural radioactivity in Abu-Tartor phosphate deposits, Egypt. J. Environ. Radioact. 55, 255-267. 

Very high bumup (192 GWd/t) has been achieved for mixed oxide fuel compared to the initial target value of about 62 GWd/t [3] and there has been very few fuel pin failures. This gives scope for significant decrease in fuel cycle cost. The smaller number of fuel pin failures has led to very clean sodium circuits which has also contributed to low radiological impact. 

The NRPB have produced a report entitled A preliminary assessment of the radiological impact of the Chernobyl reactor accident on the population of the European Community which discusses, amongst other issues, the expected incidence of cancers in the European Community during the next 50 years. Their conclusions are summarised in Table 4.5. 

Radiological impact during Normal Operation and Incident... 

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