Fallout, Chernobyl

Jantuiien, M., Reponen, A., Kauranen, P., and Vartiainen, M. (1991). Chernobyl fallout in southern and central Finland. Health Physics 60 427-434. 

The extreme events which have been discussed differ in their characteristic spatial scales of importance. Each event which causes wind-throw occurs on a smaller spatial scale than a pollution event, as recently seen by the very extensive scale of the Chernobyl fallout (Johnston, 1987). At an even greater scale, the projected extent of the nuclear winter will be global (Covey, 1987). Examples of this hierarchy of scales of events are shown in Table 1. 

Johnston, K. (1987). British sheep still contaminated by Chernobyl fallout. Nature, 328, 661. 

Halla, Finland, reindeer graze on lichen impacted by Chernobyl fallout ... 

Askbrant S, Melin J, Sandalls J, et al. 1996. Mobility of radionuclides in undisturbed and cultivated soils in Ukraine, Belarus and Russia six years after the Chernobyl fallout. J Environ Radioact 31(3) 287-312. 

McKenna P, Longworth RD. 1995. Residual Chernobyl fallout and Sellafield pollutants found on the Isle of Man. Sci Total Environ 173/174 7-14. 

Battiston, G.A., S. Degetto, R. Gerbasi, G. Sbrignadello, R. Parigi-Bini, G. Xiccato, and M. Cinetto. 1991. Transfer of Chernobyl fallout radionuclides feed to growing rabbits cesium-137 balance. Sci. Total Environ. 105 1-12. 

Clooth, G. and D.C. Aumann. 1990. Environmental transfer parameters and radiological impact of the Chernobyl fallout in and around Bonn (FRG). Jour. Environ. Radioactivity 12 97-119. 

Fowler, S.W., P. Buat-Menard, Y. Yokoyama, S. Ballestra, E. Holm, and H. Van Nguyen. 1987. Rapid removal of Chernobyl fallout from Mediterranean surface waters by biological activity. Nature 329 56-58. 

Melin J. and Wallberg L. Distribution and retention of cesium in Swedish boreal forest ecosystems, in The Chernobyl fallout in Sweden, results from a research program on environmental radiology, ed. J. Moberg, Stockholm, Swedish Radiat. Protect. Inst., 1991, pp. 467-475. 

End component activity ratio (7 B or ) Measured activity ratio (Rm) Bomb to Chernobyl fallout ratio (7fts and / Sr)... 

Measurements of activity in grass and soil in areas where no rain fell at the relevant time have been used to estimate dry deposition after the Chernobyl accident. In Denmark and in southern England, vg for137Cs was about 0.5 mm s 1 (Roed, 1987 Clark Smith, 1988). In Stockholm, however, where the Chernobyl fallout arrived several days earlier, and the particle size was larger, the dry deposition velocity of caesium was 5 mm s 1 (Persson et al., 1987). Refractory elements such as 95Zr had dry deposition velocities about 20 mm s 1. 

Hotzl, H., Rosner, G. Winkler, R. (1989) Long term behaviour of Chernobyl fallout in air and precipitation. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 10, 157-71. 

Jost, D.T., Gaggeler, H.W., Baltensparger, V., Zinder, B. Haller, P. (1986) Chernobyl fallout in size-fractionated aerosol. Nature, 324, 22-3. 

Ward, G.M., Keszthelyi, B., Kangar, B., Kralovansky, V.P. Johnson, J.E. (1989). Transfer of 137Cs to milk and meat in Hungary from Chernobyl fallout. Health Physics, 57, 587-92. 

Seascale, Cumbria and Leeds after the Windscale accident (Booker, 1958 Burch, 1959) and near Seascale and Harwell after Chernobyl (Fulker, 1987 Cambray et al., 1987). The values are lower than the theoretical curve, especially those derived from the Chernobyl fallout, which mostly occurred in heavy rain. As another example, in the Karlsruhe district of Germany, the fallout of 131I in the first few days of May 1986 was 10 kBq m-2. The peak activity in the milk of cows feeding outdoors was 47 Bq l-1 (Doerfel Piesch, 1987), giving a normalised Ci max) of only 5 x 10-3 m21-1. 

Hotzl et al. (1989) measured the airborne concentration of 137Cs in Germany in the year subsequent to the Chernobyl accident. Though low compared to the concentrations immediately after the accident, the levels were higher than could be ascribed to the lingering effects of weapon tests, and were found to correlate, in different locations, with the amount of Chernobyl fallout. Comparing the airborne concentration with that of 137Cs in the top 10 mm of soil, Hotzl et al. deduced a resuspension factor Kr — (3 1) x 10-9 m-1. Concentrations were found to increase with wind speed as ul s, a result very similar to that found in Nevada (equation (6.24)). 

Rosner, G., H. Hotzl, and R. Winkler. 1992. Determination of 241Pu by low level beta proportional counting, application to Chernobyl fallout samples and comparison with the 241Am build-up method. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 163 225-233. 

Zhu, S., Ghods, A., Veselsky, J.C., Mima, A., Schelenz, R. Interference of yttrium-91 with the rapid determination of strontium-90 originating from the Chernobyl fallout debris. Radiochim Acta 51, 195-198 (1990)... 

International Atomic Energy Agency, The Radiobiological Impact of Hot Beta-particles from the Chernobyl Fallout Risk Assessment, IAEA, Vienna, 1992... 

Kruglov S. V., Vasil eva N. A., Kurinov A. D., and Aleksakhin R. M. (1994) Leaching of radionuclides in Chernobyl fallout from soil by mineral acids. Radiochemistry 36(6), 598-602. 

Petropoulos N. P., Anagnostakis M. J., Minis E. P., and Simopoulos S. E. (2001) Geographical mapping and associated fractal analysis of the long-lived Chernobyl fallout radionuclides in Greece. J. Environ. Radioact. 53, 59-66. 

Antonov, A., et al., Proc. of Int. Workshop on Hot Particles from the Chernobyl Fallout, October 28-29, 1987, Teuern, Germany. 

Dabrowska, M., Jaracz, P., Jastrzebski, J., Kaczanowski, J., Mirowski, S., Osuch, S., Piasecki, E., Pienkowski, L., Szeflinska, G., Sheflinski, Z., Tropilo, J. and Wilhelmi, Z., Proc. of Int. Workshop on Hot Particles from the Chernobyl Fallout, October 28-29, 1987, Teuem, Germany. 

Loshchilov, N.A., Kashparov, V.A., Yudin, E.B., Protsak, V.P., Zhurba, M.A., Ivanov, Y.A. and Parshakov, A.E., in Proceedings of the Radiobiological Impact of Hot Beta-Particles from the Chernobyl Fallout Risk Assessment, IAEA Coordinated Research Programme, Kiev, Ukraine, 1991, IAEA Report No. Jl-RC-487, IAEA, Vienna, 1992, p. 5. 

Bard, G., Dalmasso, J. and Ardisson, G., Chernobyl fallout measurements in some Mediterranean biotas. Sci. Total Environ., 70 (1988) 373-387. 

For both humans and laboratory animals, one cannot currently distinguish between a radiation-induced cancer and a spontaneously occurring cancer (i.e., from an unknown cause). Therefore, statistical methods are used to determine whether radiation exposure is associated with an increase in cancer in a given study population. There have been several epidemiological studies in which definite dose-response relationships have been established for radiation-induced cancers. The best studied populations include atomic bomb survivors, Tinea capitis irradiation patients, ankylosing spondylitis irradiation patients, radium dial painters, radium therapy radium-224 patients, Thorotrast patients, uranium miners, Chernobyl fallout victims, and Mayak plutonium facility workers. 

Th and U decay chains. Pu is globally found as a result of atmospheric bomb testing, Pu and higher actinides ( Np, Am, were part of the Chernobyl fallout in large parts of Europe and Western Asia. Estimated activities of produced... 

ScHiMMACK W, Bunzl K and Zelles L (1989) Initial rates of migration of radionuclides from the Chernobyl fallout in undisturbed soils. Geoderma 44 211-217. 

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