Rabies virus infection

Transmission electron microscopy ofVero cell growth on a microcarrier surface, 7 days after rabies virus infection. 

Tsiang H, Ceccaldi PE, Ermine A, Lockhart B, GuiUemer S. Inhibition of rabies virus infection in cultured rat cortical neurons by an N-methyl-D-aspartate noncompetitive antagonist, MK-801. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1991 35(3) 572-574... 

Tsiang H. Pathophysiology of rabies virus infection of the nervous system. Adv Virus Res. 1993 42 375-412. 

Superti F, Hauttecoeur B, Morelec MJ, Goldoni P, Bizzini B, Tsiang H. Involvement of gangUosides in rabies virus infection. / Gen Virol. 1986 67(Pt l) 47-56. 

Lahaye X, Vidy A, Pomier C, et al. Fimctional characterization of Negri bodies (NBs) in rabies virus-infected cells Evidence that NBs are sites of viral transcription and replication. / Virol. 2009 83(16) 7948-7958. 

Fu ZF, Jackson AC. Neuronal dysfunction and death in rabies virus infection. JNeurovirol. 2005 11(1) 101-106. Conomy JP, Leibovitz A, McCombs W, Stinson J. Airborne rabies encephalitis demonstration of rabies virus in the human central nervous system. Neurology. 1977 27(l) 67-69. 

Rabiest Human diploid cell cultures infected with rabies virus 1 Clarification 2 Inactivation with beta-propiolactone 3 + 3 quantal assay in mice Inoculation of cell cultures to exclude live virus... 

Rabies Neutralization of the infectivity of rabies virus for mice Not less than 150111ml- ... 

The sera of mice fed with fresh spinach leaves infected with AlMV particles presenting a rabies virus epitope contained IgG and IgA. Mucosal IgA was also detected [48]. Human volunteers (in FDA approved trials) fed with spinach containing recombinant particles generated both IgG and IgA responses specific to the pathogen [49]. The trials also suggested that plant virus particle-based vaccines could be effectively used in prime-boost regimens. In more recent work, recombinant AlMV particles containing an epitope from the G protein of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) induced protective immunity in mice [33]. 

Rabies virus glycoprotein (G)and nucleo-protein (N) Alfala mosaic virus and tobacco mosaic vims in tobacco and spinach leaf Elicited specific virus-neutralizing antibodies in mice. Immunogenic in mice when delivered orally and parenterally immunogenic in humans when delivered orally. Moderately protective against lethal challenge infection in mice. 16, 71... 

Yusibov, V., Modelska, A., Steplewski, K., Agadjanyan, M., Weiner, D., and Hooper, C. (1997). Antigens produced in plants by infection with chimeric plant viruses immunize against rabies virus and HlV-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 5784-5788. 

Zhou D, Cun A, Li Y, Xiang Z, Ertl HC. A chimpanzee-origin adenovirus vector expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein as an oral vaccine against inhalation infection with rabies virus. Mol Ther 2006 14 662-72. 

Cox JH, Dietzschold B, Schneider LG (1977) Rabies virus glycoproteins. II. Biological and serological characterization. Infect Immun 16 754-759. 

Rhabdoviruses Rabies virus Bullet-shaped particles, 75-180 nm, enveloped, helical capsids The virus has a very wide host range, infecting all mammals so far tested dogs, cats and cattle are particularly susceptible. The incubation period of rabies is extremely varied, ranging from 6 days up to 1 year. The virus remains localized at the wound site of entry for a while before passing along nerve fibres to central nervous system, where it invariably produces a fatal encephalitis... 

German measles) cultures infected with rabies virus 2 Blending with stabilizer 3 Freeze-drying cell cultures presence of extraneous viruses... 

Human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), rabies vaccine adsorbed (RVA), and purified chick embryo cell culture rabies vaccine (PCEC) are killed vaccines used for preexposure and postexposure rabies virus prophylaxis. Transmission of rabies can occur via percutaneous, per-mucosal, or airborne exposure to the rabies virus. Circumstances favoring such transmission include animal bites or attacks and contamination of scratches, cuts, abrasions, or mucous membranes with saliva or other infectious material (brain tissue). Unprovoked attacks and daytime attacks by nocturnal animals are considered highly suspect. Common wild animal transmitters include skunks, coyotes, foxes, and raccoons. Almost 60% of human rabies deaths in the United States since 1980 were associated with bat contact. Canine rabies is very common in many foreign countries (most of Asia, Africa, and Latin America). Rodents, rabbits, and hares are infected rarely. There have been a few reports of a person-to-person transmission. ... 

A EXPERIMENTAL FIGURE 4-42 Progeny virions of enveloped viruses are released by budding from infected cells. In this transmission electron micrograph of a cell infected with measles virus, virion buds are clearly visible protruding from the cell surface. Measles virus is an enveloped RNA virus with a helical nucleocapsld, like rabies virus, and replicates as illustrated in Figure 4-41. [From A. Levine, 1991, Viruses, Scientific American Library, p. 22.]... 

Rabies immune globulin is an immune globulin that directly neutralizes rabies virus. It is indicated in passive, transient postexposure prevention of rabies infection in susceptible individuals. 

An insight into the mode of action of this drug is possibly given by the following work. When pseudo-rabies virus was exposed to lUdR, most of the thymine in the viral DNA was replaced by 5-iodouracil. The virus, when allowed to infect cultured mammalian kidney cells, continued to produce DNA, but this did not become protein-coated and hence did not generate new virus particles. That the new DNA was potentially infective was then shown by exposing it to thymidine when much of the iodouracil had been replaced by thymine, infectivity was restored (Kaplan and Ben-Porat, 1966). 

---