Quillaja extract

Quillaja extract. See Quillaja saponaria extract Quillaja (Quillaja saponaria)... 

Synonyms China bark extract Murillo bark extract Panama bark extract Panama wood extract Quillai extract Quillaja extract Quillaja saponaria Quillay bark extract Soapbark extract Definition Extract of bark of Quillaja saponaria Properties Lt. brn. to pink powd. or aq. sol n. bittersweet taste sol. in water, alcoholic beverages... 

When used in vaccines, Quillaja extracts caused local reactions. This effect could be reduced by the use of purified fractions. Quil A, the pure compound QS-21 (3), ISCOMs and ISCOPREP 7.0.3 are the four major preparations used in experimental animal trials and in veterinary practice [11]. 

N.T. Nyberg, H. Baumaim, and L. Kenne, Solid-phase extraction NMR studies of chromatographic fractions of saponins from Quillaja Saponaria, Anal. Chem. 75 (2003), 268-274. 

Synthetic surfactants Laureth-9 sodium lauryl sulphate polysorbate 20 and 80 PEG-8 laurate sorbitan laurate glyceryl monolaurate saponins (e.g., Quillaja saponins) membrane interaction extraction of membrane proteins and lipids solubilization of peptides... 

The use of Quillaja saponaria extracts as adjuvants was first described in the 1930s [84,85], and was later used to improve a foot-and-mouth disease vaccine [86]. One aspect of these saponins that makes them of particular interest is their nearly unique adjuvanticity profile. For example. 

China bark extract. See Cinchona extract Quillaja saponaria extract China clay. See Kaolin China green. See Basic green 4 Chinaldine. See Quinaldine Chinalphos. See Quinalphos China oil. See Balsam Peru (Myroxylon pereirae)... 

Panama bark. See Quillaja (Quillaja saponaria) Panama bark extract Panama wood extract. 

See Quillaja saponaria extract Panatex HM, Panatex . See Mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids Panax ginseng Panax ginseng extract Panax quinquefolium extract. See Ginseng (Panax ginseng) extract... 

Mimosa tenuiflora leaf extract Mistletoe (Viscum album) extract Mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) extract Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) extract Myrrh (Commiphora myrrha) extract Nettle (Urtica dioica) extract Oat (Avena sativa) protein Oleoresin capsicum Orris root extract Pansy (Viola tricolor) extract Parsley (Carum petroselinum) extract Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) extract Periwinkle (Vinca minor) extract Quillaja (Quillaja saponaria) Rye (Secale cereale) extract... 

Mandarin orange oil Mountain maple (Acer spicatum) extract solid Opopanax (Opopanax chironium) oil Orange (Citrus aurantium dulcis) oil Quillaja saponaria extract Rose oil Saffron (Crocus sativus) Sassafras (Sassafras officinale) oil Tangerine (Citrus reticulata) oil Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) extract Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) oil Yucca schidigera extract... 

Quassia Quillaja (Quillaja saponaria) Quillaja saponaria extract Quince (Pyms cydonia) seed Rhatany extract Rhubarb (Rheum palmatum) extract Rose buds Rose extract Rose flowers Rose geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) oil Rose leaves Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) oil Rose oil Rose (Rosa centifolia) water Rosin Rue Rue (Ruta graveolens) oil Saffron (Crocus sativus)... 

Castor (Ricinus communis) oil Methyl ethyl cellulose Quillaja saponaria extract foam builder, food processing Benzalkonium chloride foam builder, forest prods. 

The adjuvant activity of saponins has been known for more than 50 years [10]. Commercially available saponins frequently consist of highly heterogeneous preparations of varying composition, sometimes being little more than crude extracts of the bark of the South American soap tree, Quillaja saponaria (Rosaceae), which may be contamined with tannins. The major components, however, are bidesmo-sidic quillaic acid triterpene-saponins [10]. 

It is marketed as, and has been described to be, a potent adjuvant which has found widespread use in veterinary vaccines against, for example, foot and mouth disease, rabies, and in a number of experimental vaccines and in preclinical trials. Unfortunately its hemolytic activity and local counter reactions make it unsuitable for human vaccines [5]. Furthermore, Quil A is used for production of ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes, typically composed of 0.5 % Quillaja saponins, 0.1% cholesterol, 0.1% phospholipid and antigen dissolved in PBS). Although side effects of Quil A were almost absent when incorporated into ISCOM, this form of vaccine is only used for veterinary vaccines and has not been approved for humans. Quil A is still a heterogeneous mixture, consisting of up to 23 different individual saponins detectable by HPLC [8]. Later, it was observed that not all saponins were active as adjuvants. A saponin termed QS III was purified from of a methanol extract of Quillaja bark by several chromatographic steps, it has, however, not been tested for adjuvant activity [12]. 

Three saponin fractions of interest (QH-A, QH-B, QH-C) have been obtained from an aqueous extract of the Quillaja bark by reversed HPLC according to their elution profile. The mixture of these compounds in a ratio 7 0 3 knovvm as ISCO-PREP 7.0.3 has recently been tested as a component of a new ISCOM-adjuvanted human influenza vaccine. ... 

Adjuvant activity has also been observed with saponins from Gypsophila and Saponaria (Caryophyllaceae) whereas it was absent with other saponin containing extracts prepared from Soya Alfalfa Chenopodium quinoa and Glycyrrhiza radix [15]. Since the strongest adjuvant activity was observed with saponins from Quillaja saponaria we will describe the activities associated with saponins from this species. 

Quil A has been the major saponin mixture used for ISCOM work to date. The major modification to ISCOM technology has been the use of three HPLC-fractions of Quillaja saponaria bark aqueous extract named QH-A, QH-B and QH-C [47]. The ratio 7 0 3 for these fractions known as ISCOPREP 7.0.3. has been recently tested as a component of a new ISCOM-adjuvanted human influenza vaccine. 

Sen S, Makkar HPS, Muetzel S, Becker K (1998) Effect of Quillaja saponaria saponins and Yucca schidigera plant extract on growth of Escherichia coli. Lett Appl Microbiol 27 35-38 Shahverdi AR, Rafii F, TavassoU F, Bagheri M, Attar F, Gahraman A (2004) Piperitone from Mentha longifolia var. chorodictya Rech F. reduces the nitrofurantoin resistance of strains of enterobacteriaceae. PhytotherRes 18 911-914... 

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