Saponin mixture

Herbs rich in podophyllotoxin 3-Aescin (saponin mixture from horse-chestnut seed)... 

A typical isolation strategy is the preliminary purification of the n-butanol extract over dextran supports like Sephadex LH20 or Fractogel TSK, followed by further fractionation of the crude saponin mixtures [111]. A new generation of polymers has been exploited for the initial purification steps. They are highly porous polymers (Daion HP-20, MCI gel CHP-20P (both from Mitsubishi Chemical Industries, Tokyo), Amberlite XAD-2) [112], Methanol-water or acetone-water solvent gradients are used. 

Crude saponin mixture treated with 3% KOH/MeOH... 

Another approach may also be performed by transferring the spots from one plate to another plate. In such circumstances, the development in the first direction was carried out on a narrow 2-cm strip. After drying, it was clipped face to face to a 20 x 20 or 10 x 10 cm plate for development in the second direction. Close contact has to be maintained between the two layers for a proper development. In this case, the first plate can be used with a silica gel layer and the second plate can be used with a silica gel RP-Cig or vice versa. In this way, the analysis of saponins in Silene vulgaris Gracke was carried out in the first direction on RP-18W HPTLC plates with 1.0% aqueous formic acid-methanol (30 70, v/v) as mobile phase and in the second, perpendicular, direction on silica gel Si 60 HPTLC with chloroform-methanol-formic acid-water (100 40 10 10, v/v) as mobile phase. With the use of 2-D TLC bilayers, the saponin mixture could be separated into 18 components, while conventional TLC could separate the mixture into nine components only. ... 

Main components Sharp tasting capsaicinoids (0.3-0.5%) these are vanillyl amides of various acids, whereby capsaicin, the vanillyl amide of an isodecenylic acid, is most important. Furthermore, dihydro-, nordihydro-, homo- and homodihydrocapsai-cin and others have been found [234], Sugar (up to 50%), ascorbic acid, traces of essential oil with 2-methoxy-3-isobutylpyrazine as main aroma constituent [235, 236, 237], A steroid saponin mixture, called capsicidin which functions antibacterially against yeast fungi [238], 0.3-0.8% carotenoids, partly esterified with fatty acids (mainly capsanthin, its isomer capsombin and a-carotene). 

HORSE CHESTNUT, AescuU semen is the seed of Aesculus hippocastanum (L.), family Hippocastanaceae. The seed contains a triterpene saponin mixture usually referred to as Aescin. Aescin gives prolonged... 

QUILLAIA BARK Quillajae cortex is the bark of Quillaja saponaria, Molina, family Rosaceae, from which the cork is removed. This species is an evergreen tree in Chile (in the valleys of the Cordilleras), Peru and Bolivia. The drug consists of the inner bark which is generally cut before marketing. It has an acrid taste and causes sneezing. The bark contains about 10% of a saponin mixture (Quillaia saponin), which besides its use as an expectorant also has a technical use and as an adjuvant in some vaccines as the saponin potentiates the immunising power of the vaccine. 

Fang SP, Hao CY, Sun WX, Liu ZQ, Liu SY (1998) Rapid Analysis of Steroidal Saponin Mixture Using Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Combined with Sequential Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 12 589... 

Guo MQ, Song FR, Bai Y, Liu ZQ, Liu SY (2002) Rapid Analysis of a Triterpenoid Saponin Mixture from Plant Extracts by Electrospray Ionization Multi-Stage Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). Anal Sci 18 481... 

The crude saponin mixture of Bupleurum fruticosum and the saikogenin F-triglycoside (buddleyasaponin IV) (61) showed a remarkable hepatoprotective effect as compared with silybin against Gal-N cytotoxicity [66]. 

A mixture of ginsenosides from Ginseng rubra roots has been shown to stimulate angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. It was also observed that acceleration of wound healing in vivo by the saponin mixture was associated with enhanced angiogenesis [232]. 

However, a saponin mixture, an unusual constituent of Baccharis genus, in which echinocystic acid, Fig. (69) is the major aglycone, has been found to be the main active principle of this plant. 

Fig. 3 Hippocastani semen (1) The complex triterpene ester saponin mixture aescin (Tl) A generates a main blue-violet zone at Rj Q.d-S. A prominent zone at R, 0.2 is due to glucose.

A The Primula species (2,3) show the saponin mixture primula acid (T2) as two to three red-violet zones in the R, range 0.25-0.35. 

Treatment of (11) with cone. HCl at room temperature yielded (10). Furthermore, catalytic hydrogenation of the saponin mixture in ethanol-acetic acid followed by hydrolysis with dilute mineral acid did not yield (1) but afforded the dihydro derivative (12). This evidence indicated that (1) and (10) must be artifacts formed during the process of acid hydrolysis thus, at that stage, the genuine sapogenin seemed to be substance (11) which was named protopanaxadiol (9,10,11). However, as will be described later, investigation of the acid-catalyzed isomerization of dammarane type triterpenes and subsequent study of the mild hydrolysis of the purified... 

It followed that the same epimerization probably occurred during acid hydrolysis of the Ginseng saponins. The chloro compound (10) was obtained from the ether insoluble fraction of the crude hydrolysate of the saponin mixture with cone. HCl. The ether soluble fraction of the hydrolysate was subjected to dehydrochlorination to give an 20-epimer of (11) named 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (26) (Chart 2), the structure of which was elucidated by correlating it with (13) as follows. The dihydro derivative (27) of (26) was oxidized to give a diketone (28) which was identical with the diketone derived from (13) via (16) 16, 17, 19). Crystalline substances (1) and (12) of the 20(R)-series were also readily obtained from the less soluble fractions of the hydrolysates of the saponin mixture and from the hydrogenated saponin mixture, respectively, while the corresponding 20 ( S)... 

As a result of this work, it was discovered that substance (11) undergoes another type of acid catalyzed ring closure on treatment with BF3 etherate at room temperature (22, 23). This affords a crystalline compound named isodehydropanaxadiol (29) in 28% yield, whose structure was deduced by mass and NMR spectroscopy. Compound (29) was also isolated from the crude hydrolysate of the saponin mixture with dilute mineral acid as one of the minor products. 

One characteristic of many (but not all) saponins is their capacity to rupture erythrocytes (red blood corpuscles). By measuring the change in absorbance of the supernatant of an erythrocyte suspension after hemolysis, the saponin content can be calculated. Various amounts of the saponin-containing product or extract are mixed with a suspension of washed erythrocytes in isotonic buffer at pH 7.4. After 24 h, the mixture is centrifuged and hemolysis is indicated by the presence of hemoglobin (red) in the supernatant. In the European Pharmacopoeia, the quantity in milliliters of ox blood (diluted 1 50) that is totally hydrolysed by 1 g of test substance is measured. As a standard, the saponin mixture from the roots of Gypsophila paniculata (Caryophyllaceae) has by definition an activity of 30 000 units. 

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