Quillaja saponin

Pillion DJ, et al. Structure-function relationship among Quillaja Saponins serving as excipients for nasal and ocular delivery of insulin. J Pharm Sci 1996 85(5) 518-524. 

Recchia, J., et al. 1995. A semisynthetic Quillaja saponin as a drug delivery agent for aminoglycoside antibiotics. Pharm Res 12 1917. 

Pillion, D.J., et al. 1995. DS-1, a modified Quillaja saponin, enhances ocular and nasal absorption of insulin. J Pharm Sci 84 1276. 

Saponin Saponin is a type of glycoside widely distributed in plants. It is an amphiphilic compound that has surface activity. Purified quillaja saponin has been reported to... 

Sundfeld, E., Yun, S., Krochta, J.M., Richardson, T. 1993. Separation of cholesterol from butteroil using quillaja saponins. 1. Effect of pH, contact time and adsorbent.. / Food Process Eng. 16, 191-205. 

Synthetic surfactants Laureth-9 sodium lauryl sulphate polysorbate 20 and 80 PEG-8 laurate sorbitan laurate glyceryl monolaurate saponins (e.g., Quillaja saponins) membrane interaction extraction of membrane proteins and lipids solubilization of peptides... 

Polyoxyethylene-9-lauryl ether (laureth-9), Brij 35, Brij 96, polysorbate 80, quillaja saponin, dodecylmaltoside Na glycocholate, Na taurocholate, Na deoxycholate,... 

Brobera S, Nord LI, Kenne L (2004) Oligosaccharide Sequences in Quillaja Saponins by Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Multi-Stage Mass Spectrometry. J Mass Spec-trom 39 691... 

Quil A is used as a free form or incorporated into ISCOMs (Immunostimulating complexes). The ISCOM is a cage-like 30-40 nm particle formed through hydrophobic interactions between amphipathic antigens and the complexes formed by Quillaja saponins (0.5 % of Quil A), cholesterol (0.1.%) and phospholipids (0.1.%) [43, 53]. ISCOMs are... 

Quillaja saponins Owllaja saponarta spleen cells [57]... 

Quillaja Saponin. The saponin of quillay bark. Isolation Kobert, Arch. Exp. Pathol, pharmakoI. 23, 233... 

ADJUVANTICnr, TOXICITY AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF QUILLAJA SAPONINS... 

The toxic properties of quillaja saponins limit their use as adjuvants in vaccine development. For example, Quil-A a commercial preparation of... 

Isolation of the quillaja saponin component fractions QS-7, QS-17, QS-18, and QS-21 has allowed some correlations of the role of different structural features with immunomodulatory properties. QS-17, QS-18, and QS-21 all induce similar humoral [87] and, presumably, CMI. These findings suggest that the terminal rhamnose of QS-17 and the terminal glucose of QS-17 and QS-18 are not critical for adjuvanticity [87]. 

The glucuronic acid residue at C-3 does not seem to play an essential role in adjuvanticity. Derivatization of the carboxylic acid function of the glucuronic acid of QS-21 with glycine produces a derivative with adjuvant activity similar to that of QS-21, albeit with less potency [92]. In strong contrast, reductive amination of the C-4 aldehyde of QS-21 eliminates adjuvant activity. These results again stress the pivotal role that the aldehyde group plays in the adjuvant properties of quillaja saponins, and presumably also in the saponins from gypsophila and saponaria. 

The majority of experimental vaccines containing ISCOMs as adjuvants have been directed toward viral diseases such as HIV-1, influenza, rotavirus, rabies and measles. Intranasal and oral vaccination using these agents have been variable and disappointing. Intramuscular and subcutaneous administration of these vaccines has produced more consistent results [97]. The complex composition of ISCOMs leads to some difficult isolation and development problems that center on quantitative analysis of their components and product consistency. Moreover, there is no information about the stability of the quillaja saponins incorporated into ISCOMs, which are apparently buffered at pH 7.4 [97]. Thus, it is unclear from many of the reports whether ISCOMs offer any medical or manufacturing advantages over the use of purified saponins alone. 

The acyl group on the fucose of the quillaja saponins also plays a role in targeting and cellular activation. To stimulate an antibody response similar to Aat of the native acylated saponin, deacylated saponins require significantly higher doses (Matciani et al., unpublished observations). In... 

Deacylated quillaja saponins were modified by incorporation of a Cn alkyl chain at the carboxyl group of the glucuronic acid residue to yield a family of saponin analogs referred to as GPI-OIOO. These stable derivatives, when compared by reverse phase HPLC to the acylated or deacylated forms of quillaja saponins, are more hydrophobic. The presence of the alkyl chain in GPI-OIOO is expected to increase the selfassociating properties of these derivatives in water, as well as their capacity to form complexes with proteins that are held by hydrophobic interactions. These analogs are similar to the deacylated quillaja saponins in that they appear to be devoid of toxicity in mice at a dose up to 1 mg. 

Fig. (2l). Adjuvant Effect on IgG Isotypes Following Immunization with Ovalbumin. Mice (5/group) were either untreated (negative serum) or immunized subcutaneously with ovalbumin (OVA 2 injections 2 weeks apart) plus PBS (no adjuvant control) or the indicated adjuvants [200 pg alum, 10 pg quillaja saponin, 250, 50, or 10 pg deacylated quillaja saponin (DS. Q, saponin), and 250, 50, or 10 pg GPI-OIOO]. Blood was collected 1 week after the 2 immunization and sera were assayed for their anti-OVA IgG isotype titer by ELISA. The data points shown for each group represent the log of the mean titer (dilution at which the was 0.25 in the ELISA).

The immunostimulating effects of the saponin analogs are somewhat similar to those observed with the acylated quillaja saponins. Although less effective than quillaja saponins, increasing doses of the analogs elicited... 

Both saponin derivatives elicit a secondary anti-ovalbumin IgG response. At the highest doses tested (250 pg), Ae responses approach those for quillaja saponins. Interestingly, despite the lack of an effective... 

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