Human influenza

As a result of the emergence of the extremely aggressive avian H5N1 influenza virus, the likelihood of a human influenza pandemic and the possible socioeconomic impact is now of major concern. In the absence of strain-independent anti-influenza drugs, there has been significant effort worldwide over the years in the quest for the discovery of novel therapeutic agents against all types of influenza. 

Calfee DP, Peng AW, Cass LM, Lobo M, Hayden FG (1999) Safety and efficacy of intravenous zanamivir in preventing experimental human influenza A virus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 43 1616-1620... 

Sheu TG, Deyde VM, Okomo-Adhiambo M, Garten RJ, Xu X, Bright RA, Butler EN, Wallis TR, Klimov AI, Gubareva LV (2008) Surveillance for neuraminidase inhibitor resistance among human influenza A and B viruses circulating worldwide from 2004 to 2008, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52 3284-3292,... 

Zhang J, Yu K, Zhu W, Jiang H (2006) Neuraminidase pharmacophore model derived from diverse classes of inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 16 3009-3014 Ziircher T, Yates PJ, Daly J, Sahasrabudhe A, Walters M, Dash L, Tisdale M, McKimm-Breschkin JL (2006) Mutations conferring zanamivir resistance in human influenza virus N2 neuraminidases compromise virus fitness and are not stably maintained in vitro. J Antimicrob Chemother 58 723-732... 

Tai CY, Escarpe PA, Sidwell RW, WiUiams MA, Lew W, Wu H, Kim CU, Mendel DB (1998) Characterization of human influenza virus variants selected in vitro in the presence of the neuraminidase inhibitor GS 4071, Antimicrob Agents Chemother 42 3234-3241 Thomson MM, Najera R (2005) Molecular epidemiology of HlV-1 variants in the global AIDS pandemic an update. AIDS Rev 7 210-224... 

Scientists have also since demonstrated that DNA (coated on microscopic gold beads) propelled into the epidermis of test animals with a gene gun , is expressed in the animal s skin cells. Furthermore, the introduction in this fashion of DNA coding for human influenza viral antigens... 

Hitte AL, Nayak DP. Complete nucleotide sequences of the neuraminidase gene of human influenza virus A/WSN/33. J Virol 1982 41 730-734. 

Hayden FG, Treanor JJ, Betts RF, Lobo M, Esinhart JD, Hussey EK. Safety and efficacy of the neuraminidase inhibitor GG167 in experimental human influenza, JAMA 1996 275 295-299. 

G. Xu, T. Suzuki, H. Tahara, M. Kiso, A. Hasegawa, and Y. Suzuki, Specificity of sialyl-sugar chain mediated recognition by the hemagglutinin of human influenza B vims isolates, J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 115 202 (1994), and references therein. 

The colloidal silver also showed significant activity against human Influenza A strains. 

The method according to claim 1, wherein the Influenza A is Human Influenza A. 

Misono, T.S. and Kumar, P.K.R. 2005. Selection of RNA aptamers against human influenza virus hemagglutinin using surface plasmon resonance. Anal Biochem 342 312-317. 

Therapies for typical human influenza viruses should work in treating avian influenza infection in humans however, influenza viruses can become resistant to drugs such as amantadine and rimantadine, decreasing their effectiveness. Currently no vaccine is available to protect humans against the H5N1 virus that causes... 

In recent phase II clinical trials, oral efficacy of GS4104 has been demonstrated both in prophylaxis and treatment of human influenza infection. GS4104 is ciurently being evaluated in phase n/m human clinical trials. 

Any of these changes have to undergo a full scientific evaluation as for any new marketing application. An exception to this rule is the annual human influenza vaccine, which, although a change to the... 

Hayden, F. G., Lobo, M., Esinhart, J., and Hussey, E., Efficacy of 4-guanidino Neu5Ac2en in Experimental Human Influenza A Virus Infection. 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Orlando, 4-7 October (1994). American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC 1994, p. 190... 

Bovine proalbumin Mouse antibody H chain Chicken lysozyme Bee promellitin Drosophila glue protein Zea maize protein 19 Yeast invertase Human influenza virus A... 

A number of human trials have been conducted with zanamivir [98, 130] and the results from these studies strongly suggest that the drug is useful in both the prophylaxis and treatment of human influenza infection. Whilst the poor oral bioavailability of zanamivir may be considered an issue by some, the nature of influenza infection is such that delivery of the drug directly to the site of infection, via inhalation as a dry powder, may hold advantages. 

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