Pulmonary carcinoma

Animal experiments were undertaken to test the relationship 235 guinea pigs exposed to asbestos dusts were found to have asbestosis but no cancer (Vorwald and Karr, 1938), whereas only two pulmonary carcinomas were reported among ten surviving mice after 240 days of exposure to asbestos dust (Nordman and Sorge, 1941). One fortuitous but often cited animal experiment was that of pulmonary asbestosis reported in a dog who served for ten years as a ratter in an asbestos factory. The animal died of alveolar fibrosis and collapse as a result of diffuse distribution of asbestos in the lungs (Schuster, 1931). 

Hydrazine or hydrazine salts are carcinogenic in mice after oral administration (pulmonary adenocarcinoma hepatocarcinoma) or intraperitoneal injection (pulmonary carcinoma) and in rats after oral administration (pulmonary adenocarcinoma). Hydrazine induced a significantly greater incidence of nasal tumors, primarily benign, in rats and in hamsters after 1 year of intermittent inhalation exposure at levels up to 5.0ppm. ... 

Anti metabolites are structural analogues of normal cellular constituents that interfere with the synthesis of purine and pyrimidine, which are essential for DNA synthesis and cell division. They are used in the treatment of gastrointestinal and pulmonary carcinomas as well as sarcomas and some leukaemias. The major toxic effects are bone marrow suppression, mucositis, severe diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting. They have been associated with acute and chronic hepatotoxicity. 

Chen, . X., Y. S. Ding, and L. G. Chen. 1994. Experimental study on the processed drug of castor seeds in the therapy of pulmonary carcinoma. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih 19 726-727, 762. 

As previously summarized, four cases of bronchial carcinoma were reported in men exposed occupationally to dimethyl sulfate (IARC, 1974). Additional case reports have since appeared a case of pulmonary carcinoma in a man exposed for seven years to small amounts of dimethyl sulfate but to larger amounts of bis(chloromethyl)ether and chloromethyl methyl ether (lARC, 1987b), and a case of choroidal melanoma in a man exposed for six years to dimethyl sulfate (IARC, 1987a). 

Hiroshima, N., Takahashi, W., Yoshii, S., Yamane, T., and Ooi, A. 2001. Protein overexpression and gene amplification of c-erb(3-2 in pulmonary carcinomas a comparative immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hyridization study. Mod. Pathol. 74 556-562... 

BaetjerAM. 1950a. Pulmonary carcinoma in chromate workers I. A review of the literature and report of cases. Int Arch Ind Hyg Occup Med 2(5) 487-504. 

A case-referent study of exposure to radon from the ground and bronchial cancer was carried out on 292 female lung cancer cases and 584 controls who had lived in Stockholm for 30 or more years. Lung cancer cases were diagnosed as oat cell and other types of anaplastic pulmonary carcinomas and the study concluded that radon and daughters were a significant etiologic factor in the cancers noted. 

In their study of thyroid and pulmonary carcinomas, Kaufmann and DieteP" demonstrated reactivity for surfactant protein A in 3 of 7 thyroid carcinomas in a focal pattern. Byrd-Gloster and coworkers reported that TTF-1 is useful in the distinction of pulmonary small cell carcinomas from Merkel cell carcinomas. In their study, 97% of small cell bronchogenic carcinomas were TTF-1 positive, whereas none of 21 Merkel cell tumors exhibited positivity. However, TTF-1 has been reported in some nonpulmonary small cell carcinomas including those arising in the prostate, urinary bladder, and uterine cervix (see Table 10.6). ... 

An additional approach to the distinction of Merkel cell tumors from small cell pulmonary carcinomas involves the use of antibodies to the mammalian achaete-scute complex-like protein (MASH). Although more than 80% of small cell pulmonary carcinomas are MASH positive, only 1 of 30 Merkel cell carcinomas was positive for this marker. Merkel cell carcinomas also express the K homology domain containing protein (KOC), similar to other high-grade NE malignancies. 

CDX2 expression may be seen in primary mucinous "colloid" pulmonary carcinomas. They may also express CK20 and lack CK7 and TTF-1. Clinical correlation and Imaging may be critically necessary In these situations. 

Humphrey PA, Scrogjs MW, Roggli VL, et al. Pulmonary carcinomas with a sarcomatoid element An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Hum Pathol. 1988 19 155-165. 

Zhang K, Shi J, Lin F. Expression of inhibin-alpha in non-small cell carcinoma of the lung with a focus on adenocarcinoma A diagnostic pitfall in the evaluation of metastatic pulmonary carcinoma. Modern Pathol. 2008 21 353A. 

Zamecnik J, Kodet R. Value of thyroid transcription factor-1 and surfactant apoprotein A in tbe differential diagnosis of pulmonary carcinomas a study of 109 cases. Virchows Arch. 2002 440 353-361. 

Saad RS, Lindner JL, Lin X, et al. The diagnostic utility of D2-40 for malignant mesothelioma versus pulmonary carcinoma with pleural involvement. Diagn Cytopathol. 2006 34 801-806. 

Confidentially, I believe that there may be something to justify these statements. While the incidence of pulmonary carcinoma among our chrome workers has been very low, it is still significantly higher, in fact many times the incidence in the general public. 

Human data on the carcinogenicity of mustard are from (a) battlefield exposures, (b) accidents, and (c) workers in chemical factories. Both British and American smdies have investigated the increased incidence of pulmonary carcinoma arising from World War I battlefield exposure. All are difficult to interpret, owing to the lack of controls for age, chronic pulmonary disease, cigarette smoking, and other factors that might affect the outcome. " ... 

In an other hand, NO inhibits iNOS expression. When NO provokes the p53 accumulation, this one could in return inhibit iNOS gene transcription [154], Repression is observed in DLD-1 cells (human colon carcinoma) or Calu 6 cells (human pulmonary carcinoma) which express wild type p53. High NO concentration leads to p53 nitrosylation and inhibits the repression [114]. The wild type but not the mutated or the nitrosylated protein binds the iNOS gene promoter. Moreover, exogeneous NO produced by NO donors can inhibit NFkB activity in whole cells and in acellular preparation [155-157]. Those results have been confirmed in endothelial cells in which NO produced by eNOS inhibits NFkB activity and iNOS gene transcription [158], The inhibition can be explain in parts by NFkB sub-unit p50 nitrosylation [155], but also by its cytoplasmic inhibitor protein IxBa stabilisation (IkB proteins functionally retain NF-... 

DeMartini JC, Bishop JV, Allen TE, Jassim FA, Sharp JM, de las Heras M, Voelker DR, Carlson JO. Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus proviral clone JSRVjs7, derived from the JS7 lung mmor cell line induces ovine pulmonary carcinoma and is integrated into the surfactant protein gene. J Virol. 2001 75 4239-4246. 

In industrialised nations, more than 20 % of all severe diseases concern the respiratory organs (Ferlinz 1983). Bronchitis (Table 1), emphysema (Table 2) and pulmonary carcinoma (Table 3) are found to be caused in whole or in part by environmental pollution (Toomey and Petersilge 1944, Pemberton and Goldberg 1954, Pemberton 1961, Fournier 1964, Udo Smidt 1983, Tomatis 1990, Pless-Mulloli etal. 1998). 

Fig. 349. Autopsy specimen (Duisburg A. 64/61) of a magno-cellular pulmonary carcinoma of the right lower lobe with metastases to the hilar lymph nodes. Micronodular silicotu-berculosis with marked emphysema. Patient (born in 1902) worked from luly 1, 1922 to November 1, 1959 as a trimmer...

Aubry MC, Myers JL, Douglas WW, et al. Primary pulmonary carcinoma in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2002 77(8) 763-770. 

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