Overexpression, protein

G6. Gullick, W. J., Love, S. B., Wright, C., Barnes, D. M., Gusterson, B., Harris, A. L., and Altman, D. G., C-erbb-2 protein overexpression in breast cancer is a risk factor with involved and uninvolved lymph nodes. Br. J. Cancer 63, 434-438 (1991). 

SUV39H1/2 (KMTIA/B) Protein overexpression in dietary induced tumors [88] Increased mRNA levels in colon cancer samples [65] H3K9... 

Robinson LJ, Roberts WK, Ling TT, Lamming D, Sternberg SS, Roepe PD (1997) Human MDR 1 protein overexpression delays the apoptotic cascade in Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts. Biochemistry 36 11169-11178. 

Josselyn S, Shi C, Carlezon WA, Neve RL, Nestler EJ, Davis M (2001) Long-term memory is facilitated by cAMP response element-binding protein overexpression in the amygdala. J Neurosci 21 2404-2412... 

An imcontroUed increase in the concentration and activity of the cyclins D1 and CDK4 can lead to unprogrammed phosphorylation of the pRb protein. Overexpression of cycUn D1 or CDK4 has been found in various tumors of the bladder, breast, pancreas and the lungs (Weintraub, 1995). 

Wang W, Cassidy J (2003) Constitutive nuclear factor-kappa B mRNA, protein overexpression and enhanced DNA-binding activity in thymidylate synthase inhibitor-resistant tumour cells. Br J Cancer 88(4) 624-629... 

Wood et al. (1991) have used the Southern hybridization method for detecting DNA amplification and a possible structural rearrangement of the HER-2/nen oncogene in 1 of 12 bladder tumors. Amplification of this oncogene in the tumor was sixfold that of oncogene found in placental DNA. Approximately 36% of the tumors studied overexpressed HER-2 mRNA, which was 3- to 38-fold that of normal urothelium. HER-2 overexpression occurred in superficial and invasive tumors. Deoxyribonucleic acid amplification occurs infrequently in bladder carcinoma, in contrast to its occurrence in some other carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis has shown that pi85 HER-2 polyclonal antibody is specific for HER-2 protein overexpression in bladder carcinoma. This study was carried out prior to the use of Herceptin. 

Hiroshima, N., Takahashi, W., Yoshii, S., Yamane, T., and Ooi, A. 2001. Protein overexpression and gene amplification of c-erb(3-2 in pulmonary carcinomas a comparative immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hyridization study. Mod. Pathol. 74 556-562... 

Walch, A., Specht, K., Bink, K., Zitzelsberger, H., Braselmann, H., Bauer, M., Aubele, M., Stein, H., Siewert, J. R., Hofler, H., and Wemer, M. 2001. Her-2/new gene amplification, elevated mRNA expression, and protein overexpression in the metaplasia-dysplasia-adenocarcinoma sequence of Barrett s esophagus. Lab. Invest. 57 791-2001. 

Expression of genes at a regularly low level, resulting in a low level of product, occurs in every organism. For recombinant proteins, overexpression which leads to considerably enhanced amounts of the recombinant protein is desired. Success of an attempt at recombinant overexpression cannot be predicted as of yet and depends on many factors, such as the protein to be expressed, host, vector, promoter, culture conditions, and, last but not least, the experience of the investigator. 

Tchoua, U., D Souza, W., Mukhamedova, N., Blum, D., Niesor, E., Mizrahi, J., Maugeais, C., Sviridov, D. (2008 The effect of cholesteryl ester transfer protein overexpression and inhibition on reverse cholesterol transport. Cardiovasc. Res. 77, 732-739. 

HI8. Hernandez, L., Fest, T., Cazorla, M., Teruya-Feldstein, J., Bosch, F., Peinado, M. A., Piris, M. A., Montserrat, E., Cardesa, A., Jaffe, E. S., Campo, E., and Raffold, M., p53 gene mutations and protein overexpression are associated with aggressive variants of mantle cell lymphomas. Blood. 87,3351-3359 (1996). 

First-line chemotherapy for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer is now largely dependent on the patient s HER-2 antigen status. The HER-2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) protein is overexpressed on the surface of breast cancer cells in approximately 15-25% of patients. The measurement of this protein can be performed by immunohistochemistry methods, where the degree of protein expression is denoted by negative, 1+, 2+ or 3+. As Mrs CR s has HER-2,3+ disease, this denotes strong protein overexpression. 

Different tumors with MDR protein overexpression (e.g., hepatomas, lung or colon carcinomas) often show primary (or intrinsic) resistance to cancer chemotherapy. In addition, cancer chemotherapy itself might induce the overexpression of these proteins, so that the MDR clones become less sensitive to chemotherapy (secondary drug resistance). Treatment failure due to MDR is also found in connection with conditions other than cancer, including some autoimmune disorders and infectious diseases [21-23]. 

Metalloproteins that have been overexpressed may need to be reconstituted with their native metal(s). For example, overexpression of the blue copper protein azurin results in a mixture of apo- and Zn forms. When a gene of an uncharacterized metalloprotein is expressed, care must be taken to assure that the identity of the native metal is determined through studies of native protein. Overexpression of heme proteins typically requires reconstitution with hemin. In the case of c-type heme, the heme must be attached covalently to the polypeptide with the assistance of cellular machinery. Wide success in expressing a range of c-heme containing proteins has been achieved by expression of both the structural cytochrome gene and the apparatus for protein maturation. ... 

Jidenko M, Nielsen RC, Sorensen TL, Moller TV, le Maire M, 67. Nissen P, Jaxel C. Crystallization of a mammalian membrane protein overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc. Natl. 

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