Public significance

The term alternative includes all procedures which can completely replace the need for animal experiments, reduce the number of animals required, or diminish the amount of distress or pain suffered by animals in meeting the essential needs of man and other animals. Its purpose is to promote the development and implementation of new methods to Replace, Reduce, Refine (the 3 Rs ) animal testing with modem alternative approaches. Russell and Burch [4] proposed the framework of the 3 Rs more than 40 year ago. The authors proposed that all research using animals should be evaluated to see if the 3 Rs could be applied. Since that landmark publication, significant progress has been made, especially in the arena of regulatory testing [5]. 

The discussion on the preparation and properties of p-aramid FRP composites should not omit the most famous application of these materials in ballistic protection. A great deal of the freely available information in this area is included in numerous patents and technical publications. Significantly less in number are the scientific articles, most frequently dealing with modeling studies. Even a brief overview on the p-aramid composites in ballistics would probably require a separate chapter. Due to space limitations, we wUl only mention here a recently reported phenomenon with big potential for more flexible and better protecting body armor in the future. 

With the New Approach the number of directives needed to achieve the internal market target significantly decreased. In addition the European Council and the European Parliament were no longer required to deal with detailed technical requirements. Instead they were called upon only to define essential requirements needed to protect the public interest. The main elements of the New Approach can be summarised as follows ... 

This section attempts a brief review of several areas of research on the significance of phases, mainly for quantum phenomena in molecular systems. Evidently, due to limitation of space, one cannot do justice to the breadth of the subject and numerous important works will go unmentioned. It is hoped that the several cited papers (some of which have been chosen from quite recent publications) will lead the reader to other, related and earlier, publications. It is essential to state at the outset that the overall phase of the wave function is arbitrary and only the relative phases of its components are observable in any meaningful sense. Throughout, we concentrate on the relative phases of the components. (In a coordinate representation of the state function, the phases of the components are none other than the coordinate-dependent parts of the phase, so it is also true that this part is susceptible to measurement. Similar statements can be made in momentum, energy, etc., representations.)... 

There are finer details to be extracted from such Kohonen maps that directly reflect chemical information, and have chemical significance. A more extensive discussion of the chemical implications of the mapping of the entire dataset can be found in the original publication [28]. Gearly, such a map can now be used for the assignment of a reaction to a certain reaction type. Calculating the physicochemical descriptors of a reaction allows it to be input into this trained Kohonen network. If this reaction is mapped, say, in the area of Friedel-Crafts reactions, it can safely be classified as a feasible Friedel-Qafts reaction. 

Winning the Nobel Prize inevitably brings with it, besides a brief period of wider publicity (which in America evaporates particularly fast), a steady stream of invitations, varied honors and recognitions, as well as more general public involvement. Professors and scientists in American life are usually not exactly at the top of the social ladder, nor are they used to much recognition. Personally, I rather like this, because it helps not to attach overgrown significance to one s importance, keeps one humanized, and, most important, allows one to stay centered without much distraction from one s work. It was, therefore,... 

With my European background, I was when I came to America and still am impressed by the rather loosely organized, more decentralized way of research support. Of course, even in a great country like ours resources are not limitless and inevitably prevailing trends of research set priorities. In my field of interest the 1970s and 1980s were a period when, after two oil crises, research on hydrocarbon fuels and their synthetic preparation had significant public interest and support. Catalytic research in its many aspects was heavily pursued and considered a national priority. 

The final evaluation and judgment of any research and its significance comes from the wider scientific community upon its publication. In my research, I have always believed that there is a fundamental... 

Because of the risk of lead poisoning, the exposure of children to lead-based paint is a significant public health concern. The first step in the quantitative analysis of lead in dried paint chips is to dissolve the sample. Corl evaluated several dissolution techniques. " In this study, samples of paint were collected and pulverized with a Pyrex mortar and pestle. Replicate portions of the powdered paint were then taken for analysis. Results for an unknown paint sample and for a standard reference material, in which dissolution was accomplished by a 4-6-h digestion with HNO3 on a hot plate, are shown in the following table. 

After the publication of a book on the prototropic tautomerism of aromatic heterocycles (76AHC(Sl)l) which covered the literature up to 1975, the study of the tautomerism of pyrazoles has not made great strides. In this section the main conclusions of this earlier review will be summarized and comments on a few recent and significant references added. 

A hst of the most significant refrigerants is presented in the ASHBAE Handbook Fundamentals. More data are shown in the Chap. 3 of this handbook— Physical and Chemical Data. Due to rapid changes in refrigerant, issue readers are advised to consiilt the most recent data and publications at the time of application. 

A number of books and journal articles reviewing computational methods relevant to biophysical problems have been published in the last decade. Two of the most popular texts, however, were published more than ten years ago those of McCammon and Harvey in 1987 and Brooks, Karplus, and Pettitt in 1988. There has been significant progress in theoretical and computational methodologies since the publication of these books. Therefore, we feel that there is a need for an updated, comprehensive text including the most recent developments and applications in the field. 

The works of Wilson (1946) and Frank-Kamentskii (1939, 1961) finally had the first impact on the industry. The paper of van Heerden (1953, 1958) started the academic investigations. Conceptually significant experimental work was started by Wicke and Vortmeyer in (1959). Schmitz (1975) reviewed the field. His references included almost 300 papers, according to his estimate about 40% of all publications in the field. Of those, only 45 papers reported on experimental work, and only 8 of those on industrially significant processes. 

EPA has 45 days to review each permit and to object to permits that violate the CAAA. If EPA fails to object to a permit that violates the Act or the implementation plan, any person may petition EPA to object within 60 days following EPA s 45-day review period, and EPA must grant or deny the permit within 60 days. Judicial review of EPA s decision on a citizen s petition can occur in the federal court of appeals. The public is guaranteed the right to inspect and review all permit applicahons and documents. There are provisions for three kinds of permit revisions administrative amendment, minor permit modification, and significant modification. 

As already mentioned, much of the use for plastics just after World War II was as a cheap substitute for traditional materials, and in other cases the material was used for its novelty value. In many instances the result was detrimental to the industry and it required several years of painstaking work by the technical service departments of the major plastics materials manufacturers before confidence was regained in the use of plastics. Even today the public image of plastics is not entirely positive and the significant contribution of plastics to raising the standard of living and quality of life is not fully recognised. 

Both the language of valence bond theory and of molecular orbital theory are used in discussing structural effects on reactivity and mechanism. Our intent is to illustrate both approaches to interpretation. A decade has passed since the publication of the Third Edition. That decade has seen significant developments in areas covered by the text. Perhaps most noteworthy has been the application of computational methods to a much wider range of problems of structure and mechanism. We have updated the description of computational methods and have included examples throughout the text of application of computational methods to specific reactions. 

Although the original Clean Air Act of 1977 brought about significant improvements in air quality, the urban air pollution problems of ozone (known as smog), carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM,o) persist. Currently, over 100 million Americans live in cities which are out of attaimnent with the public health standards for ozone. The most widespread and persistent urban... 

The philosophy of public health protection used by the AEC and pursued ever since, is the use of multiple independent barriers, each a significant shield for the public. The last barrier involves the removal of people from the area over which the radioactive plume is expected to pass, interdiction of food supplies and the use of prophylaxis to reduce the iodine dose. Blood... 

Determine Risk Potential. The objective is to determine the possibility of significant risk of injury to svcrkers or the public, or risk to the company s good name. It is done by bounding, consequence analyses and approximate frequency estimates, primarily for company protection. ... 

Radioactivity reaches the public by ex-plant transport. If the completeness arguments presented in Section 3.2 are accepted, the only way the transport can happen is by fluid or gaseous transport. Published PSAs treat atmospheric transport as the only significant mechanism. 

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