Pain and suffering

Here, beneath a tree. .. the noble Prince who had given up the throne. .. and who had become a monk to free himself and to free other beings from all pain and suffering. Here Gautama— the Muni of the Shakya clan—on the morning, that followed a night, that will be blessed forever became Buddha, the Enlightened One, the Awakened One, the Perfect One. 

Modern medicine offers many wonderful options to reduce pain and suffering. The amount of the medication for a particular person has to be correct, though. The amount of medicine prescribed may depend on a person s weight, age, or current health status — or, often, a mixture of all these things. Proportions are used to determine dosages of many medications and the number of tablets needed per dose. 

Conservative estimates of direct and indirect costs of major depression in the United States resulting from the associated morbidity and mortality exceed 30 billion. Most of this cost is due to indirect expenses to society, such as decreased productivity and increased need for social services because of disability. In addition, there is the cost to family caregivers, the failure to advance in one s career or education, lost leisure time, and the pain and suffering endured by depressed patients and their families (54, 55). The societal cost of depressive disorders is estimated to be approximately 45 billion annually ( 56). 

The natural living approach proposes that an animal s welfare depends on its capacity to perform a natural behaviour and living a natural life in accordance with its genetically encoded nature or telos as suggested by Rollin (1993). Bernhard Rollin writes (p. 48) Not only will welfare mean control of pain and suffering, it will also entail nurturing and fulfilment of the animals natures. ... 

Local legislation limits the availability and choice of opioids in many countries, but there can also be a reluctance to prescribe opioids for non-cancer pain due to the assumption that susceptible individuals may become addicted to these potent drugs through abuse. However, if opioids are prescribed on an individual basis with adequate support and education for the patients as well as their familes or carers, a great deal of unnecessary chronic pain and suffering can be prevented. But today there are still several unresolved clinical issues surrounding opioid use for which there is no data to construct a suitable policy. 

A form of care which attempts to provide at least superficial or temporary relief of pain and suffering such as that which is provided for cancer and/or terminally-ill patients. 

Rheumatoid arthritis affects about 0.5 to 1.0 percent of the population worldwide.38,55 This disease occurs three times more often in women than in men, with women between the ages of 20 and 40 especially susceptible to the onset of rheumatoid joint disease.90 101 Rheumatoid arthritis often causes severe pain and suffering, frequently devastating the patient s family and social life as well as his or her job situation.5 55 The economic impact of this disease is also staggering medical costs and loss of productivity exceed 1 billion annually in the United States.5,55 Consequently, rheu-... 

China white was popular on the West Coast of the United States in the early 1980s and was estimated at 6,000 times the potency of morphine. In the late 1980s, fentanyl was introduced into the club scene in New York, and designer variations were spawned. In the 1990s fentanyl was introduced as a lollipop for young cancer patients to treat their pain and suffering. In this form it entered into all-night raves and club parties. 

Costs are often separated into direct and indirect costs. Direct costs typically consist of hospitalization costs, physician fees, laboratory fees, and costs of medical treatments/medications. Direct nonmedical costs can include costs of using transportation to and from the medical facility. Thus far, only direct costs have been estimated. Indirect/opportunity costs incurred with the death of a patient or while the individual is undergoing treatment are often expressed as days lost from work and reduced productivity. The so-called intangible costs are the monetary values of the results of pain and suffering. 

There are two ways to calculate the costs of drug abuse on society. There are direct costs drug treatment, healthcare costs, court fees, and lost wages. Indirect costs include loss of productivity for those hurt in a drug-related crime, the pain and suffering abuse can cause, and drug-abuse related illness. Thus, the detection of drug abuse is not only important for the individual themselves, but for their family and friends, and for all of those around them. 

I spent years watching Domenic struggle with the senseless pain and suffering caused from what could have and should have been avoided. Then tragi-... 

Much pain and suffering has been forced into our lives by the careless acts of others and many tears have been shed tears for what was and will never be again tears for all the hopes and dreams that were permanently destroyed tears for all that was so precious to us having been senselessly taken away tears because this tragedy could have and should have easily been prevented. 

These refer to methods which alleviate or minimize potential pain, suffering, and distress, and which enhance animal well-being [5], Scientists should try to refine their experiments, improving the care and treatment of laboratory animals to minimize any possible pain and suffering experienced by the animals which have to be used. Refinement alternatives include ... 

One theory advanced for the historical lack of concern regarding the infliction of pain on animals during the first millennium, or so, is that life for people of this period was often little better than their pets or the beasts of the fields. Life was basically short and hard and contained much pain and suffering. How could concern for an animal in agony be mustered when members of the family were suffering equally ... 

Today, scientists continue to try to unravel the biological mechanisms by which cannabinoids relieve pain, with hopes that one day a synthetic cannabinoid drug will be produced that can be legally prescribed to alleviate pain and suffering in people with AIDS, cancer, and other illnesses that cause chronic pain. At the same time, scientists hope that this new cannabinoid pain reliever will be free of the negative effects of marijuana, which include intoxication and addiction. 

If competition and struggle were preconditions of the very possibility of evolutionary change, then pain and suffering were the price levied for the production of beings who could reflect on their origins.25... 

Knowledge that the infliction of pain and suffering was deliberate (such as in Oklahoma City and 9/11)... 

Disasters that are due to natural causes often result in significant losses, physical destruction of dwellings, social and economic disruption, human pain and suffering, injury, and loss of life. This chapter presents the reader with a broad overview of the most frequently occurring natural/ environmental disasters, their impact on communities, and... 

---