Pseudomonas Ralstonia

Toluene/o-xylene monooxygenase in P. stutzeri strain 0X1 carried ont snccessive monooxygenation of o-xylene (Bertoni et al. 1998), and the tolnene-4-monooxygenase of Pseudomonas mendocina KRl and tolnene-3-monooxygenase of Ralstonia pickettii PKOl can hydroxylate benzene, tolnene, and o-xylene (Tao et al. 2004 Vardar and Wood 2004). 

As an alternative, successive monooxygenation of benzene to phenol, catechol, and 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene may be accomplished by the toluene 4-monooxygenase of Pseudomonas mendocina strain JKRl and the 3-monooxygenase of Ralstonia Pseudomonas) pickettii strain PKOl (Taoetal. 2004). 

The transformation of chlorotolnenes has been studied in Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) sp. strain PS12, and important reasons that limit their biodegradability have emerged (Poltmann et al. 2001). 

P. mendocina KR-1 carries out para hydroxylation, and Ralstonia Pseudomonas) pickettii carries out para hydroxylation, although it was originally reported to carry out meta hydroxylation. 

Ammonium Alcaligenes latus Pseudomonas oleovorans Pseudomonas cepacia Ralstonia eutrophus Rhodobacter sphaeroides Speudomonas sp. K. Methylocystus oarvus Thiosphaera pantotropha Rhizobium ORS 571... 

Keywords. Polyhydroxyalkanoic acids, Microbial polyesters, PHA, PHA synthase, Metabolic engineering, PHA granules, Ralstonia eutropha, Pseudomonas aeruginosa... 

The poly(HA) depolymerases of the bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis (strains AE122 and Tl), Comamonas acidovorans, Comamonas testosteroni, Comamonas sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas lemoignei, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Ralstonia pickettii, Streptomyces exfoliatus, and of the fungi Paecilomyces lilaci-nus, Penicillium funiculosum, and Penicillium pinophilum have been purified and characterized (for details see Table 1). Poly(HA) depolymerases share several characteristics ... 

Budzikiewicz H, Kilz S, Taraz K, Meyer JM (1997) Identical Pyoverdines from Pseudomonas fluorescens 9AW and from Pseudomonas putida 9BW. Z Naturforsch 52c 721 Budzikiewicz H, Miinzinger M, Taraz K, Meyer JM (1997) Schizokinen, the Siderophore of the Plant Deleterious Bacterium Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum ATCC 11969. Z Naturforsch 52c 496... 

Mtinzinger M, Taraz K, Budzikiewicz H, Drechsel H, Heymann P, Winkelmann G, Meyer JM (1999). S,S-Rhizoferrin (enantio-rhizoferrin) a Siderophore of Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) pickettii DSM 6297 - the Optical Antipode of R,R-Rhizoferrin Isolated from Fungi. BioMetals 12 189... 

Wenneker M., Verdel, M.S.W., Groeneveld, R.M.W., Kempenaar, C., van Beuningen, A.R. and Janse, J.D. 1999. Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum race 3 (biovar 2) in surface water and natural weed hosts first report on stinging nettle (Urtica dioica). European Journal of Plant Pathology 105 307-315. 

P. aeruginosa (3) Prochlorococcus marinus Pseudomonas fluorescens (2) Ralstonia metallidurans (5) Ralstonia solanacearum Rhodobacter sphaeroides (2) Rhodopseudomonas palustris Rhodospirillum rubrum Sinorhizobium meliloti (3) Streptomyces coelicolor Synechococcus sp. WH 8102 Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 Thermosynechococcus elongatus Vibrio cholerae Xanthomonas axonopodis Xanthomonas campestris... 

Less is known about the pathways of PAH degradation by co-cultures than about the pathways of degradation by individual bacteria and fungi (Juhasz Naidu, 2000). Four bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas cepacia (=Burkholderia cepacia). Pseudomonas sp. and Ralstonia pickettii) and four fungi (Alternaria tenuis, Aspergillus terreus, Trichoderma... 

The average number of recalls per annum for microbial contamination of non-sterile pharmaceutical and OTC drug products is six (Table 4). The emphasis on waterborne Gram-negative bacteria of the species Bulkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia (nine recalls), P. putida (three recalls), P. aeruginosa (three recalls). Pseudomonas spp. (two recalls), and Ralstonia (P.) pickettii (one recall) is notable and reflects the concern for bacteria capable of growth in liquid oral dosage forms that overwhelm the preservative system. 

Other remarkable differences of these two classes refer to the substrate specificities of the enzymes. Whereas class-I PhaCs, like the enzyme of Ralstonia eutropha, are restricted to 3-, 4-, and 5-hydroxyalkanoic acids of short-carbon-chain length (SCL), class-II PhaCs like the enzyme from Pseudomonas aeruginosa are restricted to 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids of medium-carbon-chain length (MCL). The enzyme of R. eutropha accepts also 3-mercaptoalkanoateSCL-CoA thioesters as substrates. 

Diniz, C.S., Voss, I., and Steinbuchel, A. (2006) Optimization of cyanophycin production in recombinant strains of Pseudomonas putida and Ralstonia eutropha employing elementary mode analysis and statistical experimental design. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 93,... 

Polyhydroxyal- kanoate Pseudomonas Bacillus Ralstonia Aeromonas Rhodobacter Packaging materials, pressure sensors for keyboards, stretch and acceleration measuring instruments, in agriculture as a coating for urea fertilisers and so on... 

PHA is produced by different bacterial strains. One of the most studied strain is C. necator (formerly known as Wautersia eutropha, Ralstonia eutropha or Alcaligene eutrophus). It was used in industrial production by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI PLC) to produce P(3HB-co-3HV) under the trade name of BiopoF. The Biopol patents have now been acquired by Metabolix Inc. (USA) (Verlinden et al. 2007). Until now, C. necator is still being used widely for bacterial fermentation as it is an efficient strain. Other important strains that have been studied for PHA production are Bacillus spp., Alcaligenes spp.. Pseudomonas spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, recombinant Escherichia coli, Burkholderia sacchari, and Halomonas boliviensis (Verlinden et al. 2007). 

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