Strain efficiency

Strain hardening effect, 20 224 Straining efficiency, 77 340 Strain rate, 73 473 Strain recovery rate (Rr), in testing shape-memory polymers, 22 361 Strain sensors, 77 150, 151-152 Strain tensor, for noncentrosymmetry pont group crystals, 77 93-94 Strain versus time curve factors affecting, 73 473 material and microstructure effect on, 73 473-474... 

Although many reovirus strains efficiently replicate in the intestine, not all strains do. In fact, T3D fails to grow in the intestine and does not spread to the CNS following oral inoculation. However, infection by either... 

For comparison of different experiments the concepts of equivalent strain and strain efficiency are discussed. 

Key words Severe plastic deformation, strain path, fragmentation, geometric recovery, strain efficiency, equivalent strain... 

Lactose Genes encoding lactose permease and p-galactosidase of Kluyvero- myces marxianus were introduced into S. cerevisiae. The recombinant strain efficiently converted lactose into ethanol when fermented in a continuous bioreactor setup. 24, 25... 

Of aU the strains in Table 1, the 3 strains of Lactobacillus salivarius showed the best performance when cultivated in brown juice (Thomsen and Kiel 2008). These strains efficiently lowered the pH in the brown juice in less than 10 h, with specific maximum growth rates in the juice of around 1.0/h and lactic acid productivities of more than 7 g/(l.h) (for Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius DSM 20555) (Thomsen and Kiel 2008). 

Two efficient syntheses of strained cyclophanes indicate the synthetic potential of allyl or benzyl sulfide intermediates, in which the combined nucleophilicity and redox activity of the sulfur atom can be used. The dibenzylic sulfides from xylylene dihalides and -dithiols can be methylated with dimethoxycarbenium tetrafiuoroborate (H. Meerwein, 1960 R.F. Borch, 1968, 1969 from trimethyl orthoformate and BFj, 3 4). The sulfonium salts are deprotonated and rearrange to methyl sulfides (Stevens rearrangement). Repeated methylation and Hofmann elimination yields double bonds (R.H. Mitchell, 1974). 

Superior penicillin producing cultures ate capable of producing in excess of 30 mg/mL of penicillin G (154). Cephalosporin producing strains, however, generally grow poorly and cephalosporin C production is not as efficient as is that of penicillin. Factors such as strain maintenance, strain improvement, fermentation development, inoculum preparation, and fermentation equipment requkements ate discussed in the hterature (3,154). 

Fibrous or particulate filters are not important anymore because membrane filters are relatively compac t and perform veiy well. For filtration by straining, there is an intermediate air velocity at which filtration efficiency is a minimum because different collec tion mechanisms predominate at different ranges of velocity. At low velocities, diffusional and elec trostatic forces on the particle are important, and increased velocity shortens the time for them to operate. At high velocities, inertial forces that increase with air velocity come into play below a certain air velocity, their effect on collection is zero. Surges or brief power failures could change velocity and collection efficiency. 

Most of our results have been obtained by TEM studies of individual tubes that can be considered nanolaboratories the ability to control and observe such small objects is very impressive. However, it also strains a limitation concerning the lack of an efficient method to generate macroscopic quantities of filled tubes, where we could be able to apply conventional macroscopic characterisation techniques. 

An important consideration is the effect of filler and its degree of interaction with the polymer matrix. Under strain, a weak bond at the binder-filler interface often leads to dewetting of the binder from the solid particles to formation of voids and deterioration of mechanical properties. The primary objective is, therefore, to enhance the particle-matrix interaction or increase debond fracture energy. A most desirable property is a narrow gap between the maximum (e ) and ultimate elongation ch) on the stress-strain curve. The ratio, e , eh, may be considered as the interface efficiency, a ratio of unity implying perfect efficiency at the interfacial Junction. 

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