Ralstonia

Benzoate dioxygenase (BZDO) Ralstonia eutropha (former Alcaligenes eutrophus) 1971 [236] [224]... 

Previously, Yu et al (2005) studied the increase of a co-biopolymer of PHBV by Ralstonia eutropha in a continuous stirred tank reactor. It was found that the productivity rate increased when sodium propionate was used as the carbon source. Later, Yezza et al (2007) investigated the use of maple sap as a carbon for PHB production by A. latus. The productivity of PHB reached 2.6 gH h-i. 

Toluene/o-xylene monooxygenase in P. stutzeri strain 0X1 carried ont snccessive monooxygenation of o-xylene (Bertoni et al. 1998), and the tolnene-4-monooxygenase of Pseudomonas mendocina KRl and tolnene-3-monooxygenase of Ralstonia pickettii PKOl can hydroxylate benzene, tolnene, and o-xylene (Tao et al. 2004 Vardar and Wood 2004). 

Louie TM, CM Webster, L Xun (2002) Genetic and biochemical characterization of a 2,4,6-trichlorophenol degradation pathway in Ralstonia eutropha JMP134. J Bacterial 184 3492-3500. 

Zhou N-Y, J Al-Dulayymi, MS Baird, PA Williams (2002) Salicylate 5-hydroxylase from Ralstonia sp. strain U2 a monooxygenase with close relationships to and shared electron transport proteins with naphthalene dioxygenase. / Bacfen o/ 184 1547-1555. 

Mergeay M, S Monchy, T Vallaeys, V Auquier, A Benotmane, P Berlin, S Taghavi, J Dunn, D van der Lelie, R Wattiez (2003) Ralstonia metallidurans, a bacterium specifically adapted to toxic metals towards a catalogue of metal-responsive genes. EEMS Micobiol Rev 27 385-410. 

Sarret G, L Avoscan, M Carriere, R Collins, N Geoffroy, F Carrot, 1 Coves, B Gouget (2005) Chemical forms of selenium in the metal-resistant bacterium Ralstonia metallireducens CH34 exposed to selenite and selenate. AppZ Environ Microbiol 71 231-2337. 

Ampe F, D Leonard, ND Bindley (1998) Repression of phenol catabolism by organic acids in Ralstonia eutro-pha. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 1-6. 

Leveau JHL, AJB Zehnder, JR van der Meer (1998) The tfdK gene product facilitates uptake of 2,4-dichloro-phenoxyacetate by Ralstonia eutropha JMP134(pJP4). J Bacterial 180 2237-2243. 

Bramer CO, A Steinbuchel (2001) The methylcitrate acid pathway in Ralstonia eutropha new genes identified involved in propionate metabolism. Microbiology (UK) 147 2203-2214. 

As an alternative, successive monooxygenation of benzene to phenol, catechol, and 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene may be accomplished by the toluene 4-monooxygenase of Pseudomonas mendocina strain JKRl and the 3-monooxygenase of Ralstonia Pseudomonas) pickettii strain PKOl (Taoetal. 2004). 

Fishman A, Y Tao, TK Wood (2004) Toluene 3-monooxygenase of Ralstonia pickettii PKOl is a para-hydrxylating enzyme. J Bacteriol 186 3117-3123. 

The transformation of chlorotolnenes has been studied in Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) sp. strain PS12, and important reasons that limit their biodegradability have emerged (Poltmann et al. 2001). 

Pollmann K, S Beil, DH Pieper (2001) Transformation of chlorinated benzenes and toluenes by Ralstonia sp. strain PS 12 tecA (tetrachlorobenzene dioxygenase) and tecB (chlorobenzene dihydrodiol dehydrogenase) gene products. Appl Environ Microbiol 67 4057 063. 

Schenzle A, H Lenke, JV Spain, H-J Knackmuss (1999) 3-hydroxylaminophenol mutase from Ralstonia eutropha JMP134 catalyzes a Bamberger rearrangement. J Bacteriol 181 1444-1450. 

Denger K, AM Cook (2001) Ethanedisulfonate is degraded via sulfoacetaldehyde in Ralstonia sp. strain EDS . Arch Microbiol 176 89-95. 

Ralstonia eutropha (Alcaligenes eutrophus) strain NH9 is able to degrade 3-chlorobenzene by the modified ortho pathway. The cbnA gene that encodes 3-chlorocatechol-l, 2-dioxygenase was introduced into rice plants (Oryza sativa -p.japonicd) under the control of a virus 35S promoter. 3-Chlorocatechol induced dioxygenase activity in the callus of the plants, and leaf tissues oxidized 3-chlorocatechol with the production of 2-chloromuconate... 

Yao J, C Allen (2006) Chemotaxis is required for virulence and competitive fitness of the bacterial wilt pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. J Bacteriol 188 3697-3708. 

Dionisi HM, CS Chewning, KH Morgan, E-M Menn, JP Easter, GS Sayler (2004) Abundance of dioxygenase genes similar to Ralstonia sp. strain U2 nagAc is correlated with naphthalene concentrations in coal tar-contaminated freshwater sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 3988-3995. 

Although the possibly incompatible pathways for the degradation of chlorobenzene and toluene has been noted, a strain of Ralstonia sp. from a site contaminated with chlorobenzene contained the genes for both chlorocatechol degradation and the dioxygenase system for the degradation of benzene/toluene (van der Meer et al. 1998). The evolution of this strain resulted in a natural lowering... 

P. mendocina KR-1 carries out para hydroxylation, and Ralstonia Pseudomonas) pickettii carries out para hydroxylation, although it was originally reported to carry out meta hydroxylation. 

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