Pseudomonas stutzeri

A strain of Escherichia coli produces a naphthotriazole from 2,3-diaminonaphthalene and nitrite that is formed from nitrate by the action of nitrate reductase. The initial product is NO, which is converted by reactions with oxygen into the active nitrosylating agent that reacts chemically with the amine (Ji and Hollocher 1988). A comparable reaction may plausibly account for the formation of dimethylnitrosamine by Pseudomonas stutzeri during growth with dimethylamine in the presence of nitrite (Mills and Alexander 1976) (Figure 2.2f). 

Bertoni G, M Martino, E Galli, P Barbieri (1998) Analysis of the gene cluster encoding toluene/o-xylene monooxygenase from Pseudomonas stutzeri 0X1. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 3626-3632. 

Vardar G, TK Wood (2004) Protein engineering of toluene-o-xylene monooxygenase from Pseudomonas stutzeri 0X1 for synthesizing 4-methylresorcinol, methylhydroquinone, and pyrogallol. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 3253-3262. 

The degradation of tetrachloromethane by a strain of Pseudomonas sp. presents a number of exceptional features. Although was a major product from the metabolism of CCI4, a substantial part of the label was retained in nonvolatile water-soluble residues (Lewis and Crawford 1995). The nature of these was revealed by the isolation of adducts with cysteine and A,A -dimethylethylenediamine, when the intermediates that are formally equivalent to COClj and CSClj were trapped—presumably formed by reaction of the substrate with water and a thiol, respectively. Further examination of this strain classified as Pseudomonas stutzeri strain KC has illuminated novel details of the mechanism. The metabolite pyridine-2,6-dithiocarboxylic acid (Lee et al. 1999) plays a key role in the degradation. Its copper complex produces trichloromethyl and thiyl radicals, and thence the formation of CO2, CS2, and COS (Figure 7.64) (Lewis et al. 2001). 

The degradation of salicylate to catechol is initiated by monooxygenation accompanied by decarboxylation (salicylate-l-hydroxylase), and two different and independent salicylate hydroxylases have been found in the naphthalene-degrading Pseudomonas stutzeri ANIO (Bosch et al. 1999). Alternatively, in Rhodococcus sp. strain B4, salicylate is hydroxylated to 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate by salicylate-5-hydroxylase (Grand et al. 1992). An alternative occurs for 5-hydroxy- and 5-aminosalicylate in Pseudaminobacter salicylatoxidans in which ring fission is accomplished directly (Hintner et al. 2001). 

Bosch R, ERB Moore, E Garcfa-Valdes, DH Pieper (1999) NahW, a novel, inducible salicylate hydroxylase involved in mineralization of naphthalene by Pseudomonas stutzeri ANIO. J Bacterial 181 2315-2322. 

Grimberg SJ, WT Stringfellow, MD Aitken (1996) Qnantifying the biodegradation of phenanthrene by Pseudomonas stutzeri P 16 in the presence of a nonionic snrfactant. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 2387-2392. 

The degradation of tetrachloromethane by Pseudomonas stutzeri strain KC involves hydrolysis to CO2 by a mechanism involving the natnrally prodnced pyridine-2,6-dithiocarboxylic acid (Lewis et al. 2001) details have already been discnssed in Chapter 7, Part 3. This organism was nsed in field evaluation at a site at which the indigenons flora was ineffective, and acetate was used as electron donor (Dybas et al. 2002). One novel featnre was inocnlation at a series of wells perpendicnlar to the established flow of the gronndwater plnme. Effective removal of tetrachloromethane was snstained over a period of 4 years, and transient levels of chloroform and H2S disappeared after redncing the concentration of acetate. 

Di Lecce C, M Accarino, F Bolognese, E Galli, P Barbieri (1997) Isolation and metabolic characterization of a Pseudomonas stutzeri mutant able to grow on all three isomers of xylene. Appl Environ Microbiol 63 3279-3281. 

DKR with lipase TL (from Pseudomonas stutzeri) was part of the reaction scheme in work reported by Hoyos et al. [24]. Here the lipase is immobilized using a number of... 

Hoyos, P., Buthe, A., Ansorge-Schumacher, M.B. et al. (2008) Highly efficient one pot dynamic kinetic resolution of benzoins with entrapped Pseudomonas stutzeri lipase. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B, Enzymatic, 52-53,133-139. 

Three cyanide-degrading nitrilases were recently cloned and purified and their kinetic profiles were evaluated in order to better understand their applicability to cyanide bioremediation. CynD from Bacilluspumilus Cl and DyngD from Pseudomonas stutzeri exhibit fairly broad pH profiles with >50% activity retained across pH 5.2 to pH 8.0 while the CHT (NHase) from Gloeocercospora sorghi exhibited a more alkaline pH activity profile with almost all of its activity retained at pH 8.5, slightly lower thermal tolerance, and quite different metal tolerance compared with the two bacterial enzymes [46]. 

The poly(HA) depolymerases of the bacteria Alcaligenes faecalis (strains AE122 and Tl), Comamonas acidovorans, Comamonas testosteroni, Comamonas sp., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas lemoignei, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Ralstonia pickettii, Streptomyces exfoliatus, and of the fungi Paecilomyces lilaci-nus, Penicillium funiculosum, and Penicillium pinophilum have been purified and characterized (for details see Table 1). Poly(HA) depolymerases share several characteristics ... 

Pseudomonas stutzeri, P. alcaligenes, and P. putida strains were isolated and proven to remove DBT, benzothiophene, thioxanthene, and thianthrene by decomposition into water-soluble substances [120],... 

Shukla, O. P., Microbiological Degradation of Quinoline by Pseudomonas-Stutzeri - the Coumarin Pathway of Quinoline Catabolism. Microbios, 1989. 59(238) pp. 47-63. 

Hisatsuka, K. and Sato, M., Microbial transformation of carbazole to anthranilic acid by Pseudomonas stutzeri. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 1994. 58 pp. 213-214. 

Viggiani A, Olivieri G, Siani L et al (2006) An airlift biofilm reactor for the biodegradation of phenol by Pseudomonas stutzeri OX1. J Biotechnol 123 464 -77... 

Fig. 3. View of the heme and a5Ru(His47) centers in ruthenated Pseudomonas stutzeri cytochrome C551. The edge-edge distance is 7.9 A [15]...

Condensation products of DHB (which usually is found also in the fermentation broth) with amino acids were reported, viz. with glycine ixom Bacillus subtilis (164) named subsequently itoic acid (282) with serine from Escherichia coli (261) and Klebsiella oxytoca (196) with threonine from Klebsiella oxytoca (196) and Rhizobium spp. (275, 327) with arginine from Pseudomonas stutzeri (62) with glycine and threonine from Rhizobium sp. (240) with threonine and lysine as well as with leucine and lysine from Azospirillum lipoferum (312, 320). In most cases the isolate (sometimes designated as being a siderophore) was hydrolyzed and the constituents were determined by paper chromatography. The relative amounts of the constituents, the chiralities of the amino acids and the molecular mass of the isolate have not been determined. Hence it is not known whether condensation products of the enterobactin type exist. 

A group of related siderophores comprises the desferri- or deferriferrioxamines (occasionally abbreviated as desferrioxamines) or proferrioxamines. Originally they were obtained from Actinomycetes, mainly Nocardia and Streptomyces spp. (187) and later found to be produced also by Erwinia spp. (several representatives) (e.g. (30a, 113,115,180)), Arthrobacter simplex (B), Chromobacterium violaceum (E) (246a), and by Pseudomonas stutzeri (several) (229a, 246,398). They consist of three (or in rare cases four) mono-N-hydroxy-l,4-diaminobutane (putrescine), mono-iV-hydroxy-l,5-diaminopentane (cadaverine) or (rarely) mono-N-hydroxy-1,3-diaminopropane units connected by succinic acid links. The hydroxylated terminus carries an acetyl or a succinyl (as in the structural formula heading Table 6)... 

Pyridine-2,6-di(monothiocarboxylic acid) (Fig. 26, 73) [for a review, see 36), cf. also (37)] was obtained from Pseudomonas putida (262) and later from Pseudomonas stutzeri (203). It forms a brown Fe " complex and a blue Fe " complex (both FeLig2) (343), wbicb may be accompanied by complexes carrying two additional cyanide ions (345). An X-ray analysis (Plate 6) of tbe Fe " complex of 73 shows a distorted octahedral symmetry (343). There is evidence that a sulfenic acid residue (-CO-SOH) is the biosynthetic link between -COOH and -COSH (344). 

Chakraborty RN, Patel HN, Desai SB (1990) Isolation and Partial Characterization of Catechol-Type Siderophore from Pseudomonas stutzeri. Curr Microbiol 20 283 Challis GL (2005) A Widely Distributed Bacterial Pathway for Siderophore Biosynthesis Independent of Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases. ChemBioChem 6 601 Chambers CE, McIntyre DD, Mouck M, Sokol PA (1996) Physical and Structural Characterization of Yersiniophore, a Siderophore Produced by Clinical Isolates of Yersinia entero-colitica. BioMetals 9 157... 

Lee CH, Lewis TA, Paszczynski A, Crawford RL (1999) Identification of an Extracellular Catalyst of Carhon Tetrachloride Dehalogenation from Pseudomonas stutzeri Strain KC as Pyridine-2,6-bis(thiocarboxylate). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 261 562... 

Mulet M, Gomila M, Gruffaz C, Meyer JM, Palleroni NJ, Lalucat J, Garcia-Valdez E (2008) Phylogenetic Analysis and Siderotyping as Useful Tools in the Taxonomy of Pseudomonas stutzeri Description of a Novel Genovar. Int J System Evol Microbiol 58 2309... 

Zawadzka AM, Vandecasteele FPJ, Crawford RL, Paszczynski AJ (2006) Identification of Siderophores from Pseudomonas stutzeri. Can J Microbiol 52 1164... 

Sephacryl (allyldextran cross-linked by N,N -methylenebisacrylamide) are the two types of dextran gel used in separation. Sephadex is mainly used as a glucose pol)rmer and employed for purification of many molecules such as lectins from Helix pomatia and Viciafaba, exoamylase from Pseudomonas stutzeri [14]. 

Although the pathway of Eq. (1) is now based on much evidence (Section 111) and is unambiguous in the case of at least one bacterium [Pseudomonas stutzeri strain Zobell (f. sp. P. perfectomarina)], there have been alternative hypothesis. One hypothesis, advanced by the Hollocher group (Garber and Hollocher, 1981 St. John and Hollocher, 1977), considered NO as a likely intermediate, but one that remained at least partly enzyme-bound and was not entirely free to diffuse. This view was based on the outcome of certain kinetic and isotope experiments which can be summarized as follows. When denitrifying bacteria were challenged simultaneously with [ N]nitrite and ordinary NO, the cells reduced both compounds concomitantly to N2 (or to N2O in the presence of acetylene which is a specific inhibitor (Balderston et al., 1976 Yoshinari and Knowles, 1976) of nitrous oxide reductase). In the process, little NO was generally detected in the gas phase pool of NO and there was relatively little isotopically mixed N2O formed. That is, most of the N and N reduced to NjO appeared as N2O... 

---