Proteoglycans sulfation

The PI anchor maintains adhesion of acetylcholinesterase (of the red blood cell) and of some proteoglycans (sulfated proteins of the extracellular matrix) to the ceU membrane. Palmitic acid is bound via thiol-ester bonds to Cys 322 and Cys 323 of rhodopsin (see the section on vitamin A), a 327-amino-acid protein. The polypeptide chain of rhodopsin loops in and out of the membrane several times, leaving the possible function of the lipid as an anchor in question. M5nistic acid is boimd to the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, though this protein is cytosolic and soluble. 

Hoogewerf AJ, Cisar LA, Evans DC, Bensadoun A. Effect of chlorate on the sulfation of lipoprotein lipase and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Sulfation of heparan sulfate proteoglycans affects lipoprotein lipase degradation. J Biol Chem 1991 266 16564-71. 

Gualeni, B. et al (2013) Alteration of proteoglycan sulfation affects bone growth and remodeling. Bone, 54 (1), 83-91. 

There are other glycosaminoglycans. Hyaluronic acid [9004-61-9] occurs both free and in noncovalent association with proteoglycan molecules. Heparin [9005-49-6] and heparan sulfate [39403-40-2] also known as heparitin sulfate [9050-30-0] occur in mast cells and in the aorta, Hver, and lungs. 

Heparin sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are heavily glycosylated proteins that are part of the extracellular matrix. Interaction with HSPGs help to stabilize and localize extracellular Wnts. 

Heparin Sulfate Proteoglycans Hepatic Lipase Hepatitis Hepatitis C Heptahelical Domain Heptahelical Receptors HERG-channels Heterologous Desensitization Heterologous Expression System Heterotrimeric G-Proteins Hidden Markov Model High-density Lipoprotein (HDL)... 

Several natural polysaccharides are esterified with sulfuric or phosphoric acid. Sulfated bacterial polysaccharides are not, however, very common. One example is a polysaccharide from an Arthrobacter species, which is most probably linked to the proteoglycan and contains sulfated D-galactopy-ranosyl residues. An extracellular polysaccharide from a Phormidium spe-... 

Multiple sul tase deficiency tesults in accumulation of sulfogalactosylcetamide, stetoid sulfates, and proteoglycans owing to a combined deficiency of atyl-sulfatases A, B, and C and stetoid sulfatase. 

Proteoglycans linked to chondroitin sulfate by the Xyl-Ser O-glycosidic bond are prominent components of cartilage (see below). The repeating disaccharide is similar to that found in hyaluronic acid, containing... 

This molecule is present on many cell sur ces as a proteoglycan and is extracellular. It contains GlcN with fewer N-sulfates than heparin, and, unhke heparin, its predominant uronic acid is GlcUA. 

Certain proteoglycans (eg, heparan sulfate) are associated with the plasma membrane of cells, with their core proteins acmally spanning that membrane. In it they may act as receptors and may also participate in the mediation of cell growth and cell-cell communication. The attachment of cells to their substramm in cul-mre is mediated at least in part by heparan sulfate. This proteoglycan is also found in the basement membrane of the kidney along with type IV collagen and laminin... 

The intima of the arterial wall contains hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Of these proteoglycans, dermatan sulfate binds plasma low-density lipoproteins. In addition, dermatan sulfate appears to be the major GAG synthesized by arterial smooth muscle cells. Because it is these cells that profiferate in atherosclerotic lesions in arteries, dermatan sulfate may play an important role in development of the atherosclerotic plaque. 

In various types of arthritis, proteoglycans may act as autoantigens, thus contributing to the pathologic feamres of these conditions. The amount of chondroitin sulfate in cartilage diminishes with age, whereas the amounts of keratan sulfate and hyaluronic acid increase. These changes may contribute to the development of osteoarthritis. Changes in the amounts of cer-... 

CS-PG, chondroitin sulfate-proteoglycan these are similar to the dermatan sulfate PGs (DS-PGs) of cartilage ffable 48-11). SPARC, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine. 

Oravecz T, Pall M, Wang J, Roderiquez G, Ditto M, Norcross MA. Regulation of anti-HIV-1 activity of RANTES by heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Immunol 1997 159(9) 4587 1592. 

Valenzuela-Femandez A, Palanche T, Amara A, et al. Optimal inhibition of X4 HIV isolates by the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 alpha requires interaction with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. J Biol Chem 2001 276(28) 26550-26558. 

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