Arthrobacter species

Several natural polysaccharides are esterified with sulfuric or phosphoric acid. Sulfated bacterial polysaccharides are not, however, very common. One example is a polysaccharide from an Arthrobacter species, which is most probably linked to the proteoglycan and contains sulfated D-galactopy-ranosyl residues. An extracellular polysaccharide from a Phormidium spe-... 

Cripps RE, PW Trudgill, JG Whateley (1978) The metabolism of 1-phenylethanol and acetophenone by Nocardia T5 and iin Arthrobacter species. Eur J Biochem 86 175-186. 

Efroymson, R. A. and Alexander, M. (1991). Biodegradation by an arthrobacter species of hydrocarbon partitioned into an organic solvent, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57, 1441-1447. 

In the study of Pettigrew et al. (1990) a bacterial consortium was shown to mineralize 4-CB and dehalogenate 4,4 -CB. It included three isolates a Pseudomonas testosteroni which catalyzed the breakdown of the chlorinated biphenyls to 4-chlorobenzoic acid (the so-called upper pathway ) an Arthrobacter species that mediated 4-chlorobenzoic acid mineralization (the so-called lower pathway ) and a third strain from the consortium with a role that has not been determined. This pattern of co-culture degradation for upper and lower pathway degradation has been observed generally in the field of PCB biodegradation. Few strains have been shown with the capability to catalyze both upper and lower pathway degradation. 

T. Wagner, B. Hantke, and F. Wagner, Production of L-methionine from d,l-5-(2-ethylthioethyl) hydantoin by resting cells of a new mutant strain of Arthrobacter species DSM 7330, J. Biotechnol. 1996, 46, 63-68. 

In preliminary communication of their work, a Russian group identified a number of Nocardia and Arthrobacter species that oxidized 3-meth-ylpyridine to nicotinic acid (162) but did not report the use of any related alkaloids as substrates. 

Considerable effort based on research work initiated in the 1950s resulted in enzyme technology able to convert glucose to fructose on a commercial scale.32 34 Current production of high-fructose syrups generally uses immobilized, rather than soluble, enzymes. Sources of the enzyme include Streptomyces, Bacillus, Actinoplanes and Arthrobacter species. 

Efficient biochemical processes were developed for the preparation of the two optically active pyrethroid insecticides by a combination of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and chemical transformations. These are based on the findings that a lipase from Arthrobacter species hydrolyzes the acetates of the two important secondary alcohols of synthetic pyrethroids with high enantioselectivity and reaction rate. The two alcohols are 4-hydroxy-3-methy1-2-(2 -propynyl)-2-cyclopentenone (HMPC) and a-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (CPBA). The enzyme gave optically pure (R)-HMPC or (S)-CPBA and the unhydrolyzed esters of their respective antipodes. 

A lipase from Arthrobacter species yielded pure (R)-HMPC at 50% hydrolysis with the smallest amount of the enzyme. Lipases from Pseudomonas fluorescens, Chromobacterium viscosum and Alcaligenes species were of less interest to us than the Arthrobacter lipase among others, judging from the optical purity of the product, degree... 

Liras 3 used an OV-17 column for Investigations on the metabolism of morphine and codeine by Arthrobacter species, and gave the gas chromatographic parameters of eight oxidized compounds, found as metabolites (14-hydroxymorphine, 14-hydroxymorphinone, 14-hydroxydihydro-morphinone, dihydromorphinone, codeinone, 14-hydroxycodeine, 14-hydroxycodeionone and 14-hydroxydihydrocodeinone). 

De Haan (1974, 1977) studied the effect of fulvic acids from Tjeukemeer on the growth of Pseudomonas and an Arthrobacter species. He found that fulvic acids in the culture medium had a stimulatory effect on a species of Pseudomonas which was explained in terms of the co-metabolism of fulvic acids. De Haan suggested that the same enzyme system is involved in both the lactic acid and the fulvic acid oxidation. This may be valid if the fulvic acid molecules are largely aliphatic, which has recently been shown for Tjeukemeer fulvic acids (De Haan et al., 1979). 

Avecia identified approximately 60 microorganisms with amidase activity capable of resolving racemic amines [17, 18]. Arthrobacter species predominated in the list of microorganisms identified. The kinetic resolution of N acetyl 1 aminoindanol 35 by a freeze dried microbial sample (BH2 NI amidase) allowed access to (1S,2R) N acetyl 1 aminoindanol 35 in high enantiomeric excess (96%). This compound is a key intermediate in the synthesis of Merck s HIV protease inhibitor Crixivan 37 (indin avir) (Figure 14.12). 

Yamada, Y., H. Motoi, S. Kinoshita, N. Takada, and H. Okada, Oxidative Degradation of Squalene by Arthrobacter Species, Appl. Microbiol. 29 400-404 (1975). 

The lysis of intact yeast cells and isolated cell walls by the inducible enzyme system of an Arthrobacter species has been investigated. ... 

Many other surface-active lipopeptides, such as rhamnolipids and viscosin from Pseudomonas species, have been found [73]. More surface-active lipo-peptide, arthrofactin, the cmc of which is extremely less than that of surfactin, has been purified fmm Arthrobacter species [74]. These lipopeptides, including surfactin, have great industrial potential for pharmatheuticals, cleaning detergents, cosmetics, foods, and so on, because of their superior surface activity and antimicrobial effects. 

The conformational behaviour of the extracellular gel-forming polysaccharides from Arthrobacter species has been investigated by n.m.r. relaxation and optical rotation techniques. ... 

Extracellular polysaccharides composed of o-glucose, pyruvic acid, and succinic acid have been isolated from a number of strains of Agrobacterium. The conformational behaviour of the extracellular gel-forming polysaccharides from Arthrobacter species has been investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation and optical rotation techniques. " A number of the polysaccharides studied showed evidence of an ordered conformation which could be melted out on heating. O-Deacetylation destroyed the ordered conformation of two A. viscosus polysaccharides, whilst O-deacylation of the A. stabilis polysaccharide stabilized the ordered structure. 

Neuraminidase from Arthrobacter species has been purified by conventional procedures until judged to be homogeneous on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate. The enzyme (mol. wt. 8.8 x 10, JCm 0 78 mM for N-acetylneuraminlactose) was subfractionated by isoelectric focusing (major J. J. Dickson and M. Messer, Biochem. 1978, 170, 407. 

Adsorption chromatography was used to isolate a -1,3-D-glucanase possessing high lytic activity from culture fluids of an Arthrobacter species, whereas a /9-1,3-D-glucanase possessing much less lytic activity was not adsorbed. ... 

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