Propylene carbonate methacrylate

The monomers that have been explored most extensively are propylene carbonate methacrylate (PCMA) and propylene carbonate acrylate (PCA). These monomers are readily copolymerized with other commonly used unsaturated monomers to yield polymers with cyclic carbonate functionality. There are a few patents discussing the formation of coatings by the amine cross linking of these cyclocarbonate functional polymers. However, they do not appear commercially available. Thus, their use in the preparation of cyclic carbonate functional polymers has been limited. 

Propylene-ammonia reaction, 10 135 Propylene-based routes, to methyl methacrylate, 16 251-252 Propylene carbonate, in lithium cells, 3 459... 

Sodium-2-acrylamido-2-2-methylpropane sulfonate Sodium styrenesulfonate N-isopropylacrylamide Poly(oxyethylated alkylphenyl ether) Octyldecyltrimethylammonium chloride Propylene carbonate Poly(methyl methacrylate)... 

Other lactones and propylene carbonate (l,3-dioxane-2-one) polymerized in the same way.306 Lactide (3,6-dimethyl-l,4-dioxane-2,5-dione) polymerized in bulk with a lipase to a polyester with a molecular weight of 126,000.307 Lyoprotectants, such as polyethylene glycol, glucose, sucrose, and cellobiose, added before lyophiliza-tion, enhanced the activity. When a small amount of vinyl methacrylate is present in the polymerization, the product... 

Coatings with Thermoplastic Fluoropolymers. Poly(vinylidene fluoride), PVDF, is the only conventional thermoplastic fluoropolymer that is used as a commercial product for weather-resistant paints. This crystalline polymer is composed of -CHjCFj- repeating units it is soluble in highly polar solvents such as dimethyl-formamide or dimethylacetamide. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) is usually blended with 20 30 wt% of an acrylic resin such as poly(methyl methacrylate) to improve melt flow behavior at the baking temperature and substrate adhesion. The blended polymer is dispersed in a latent solvent (e.g., isophorone, propylene carbonate, dimethyl phthalate). The dispersion is applied to a substrate and baked at ca. 300 °C for ca. 40-70 s. The weather resistance of the paints exceeds 20 years [2.16]-[2.18]. 

Hashmi and Upadhyaya compared the electrochemical properties of the electrochemically synthesized MnO /PPy composite electrodes, fabricated with different electrolytes, namely polymer electrolyte film (polyvinyl alcohol [PVA]-HjPO aqueous blend), aprotic liquid electrolyte (LiClO -propylene carbonate [PC]), and polymeric gel electrolyte (poly methyl methacrylate [PMMA]-ethylene carbonate [EC]-PC-NaClO ) [60]. The cell with aqueous PVA-H PO showed non-capacitive behavior owing to some reversible chemical reaction of MnO with water, while the MnO / PPy composite was found to be a suitable electrode material for redox supercapacitors with aprotic (non-aqueous) electrolytes. The solid-state supercapacitor based on the MnO /PPy composite electrodes with gel... 

PEDOT, which has reactive methacrylate endgroups, is dispersible in an organic solvent such as nitromethane or propylene carbonate. Films cast from these solutions are smooth and scratch resistant and have good adhesion properties on many substrates. And thin films appear transparent blue with an optical transmittance up to 75 /o.i 4... 

Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene Laurate canola oilj Methacrylic acid copolymer Nitrogen PPG-17 PPG-20 PPG-28-buteth-35 PPG-2 methyl ether Propylene carbonate Propylene glycol Propylene glycol ricinoleate Sebacic acid Sulfolane 0,0,0-Tributyl phosphorothioate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Triethyl phosphate 0,0,0-Triisooctyl phosphorothioate Trimethylcyclohexanol Tri-p-tolyl phosphate hydraulic fluid additive 1,2-Butylene carbonate Ethylene carbonate hydraulic fluid additive, oil Glycidol... 

A new organic/inorganic complementary ECD has recently been described (68) on the basis of the assembly of PEDOT/ITO glass and Prussian blue [PB, iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)]/ITO glass substrates with a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE 1M LiC104/propylene carbon-ate/10wt% PMMA). The color states of the PEDOT (blue/colorless) and PB (color-less/blue) films fulfill the complementary requirement. 

Until 2003, Chen s [28], Qu s [29-31], and Hu s [32] groups independently reported nanocomposites with polymeric matrices for the first time the. In Hsueh and Chen s work, exfoUated polyimide/LDH was prepared by in situ polymerization of a mixture of aminobenzoate-modified Mg-Al LDH and polyamic acid (polyimide precursor) in N,N-dimethylactamide [28]. In other work, Chen and Qu successfully synthesized exfoliated polyethylene-g-maleic anhydride (PE-g-MA)/LDH nanocomposites by refluxing in a nonpolar xylene solution of PE-g-MA [29,30]. Then, Li et al. prepared polyfmethyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/MgAl LDH by exfoliation/adsorption with acetone as cosolvent [32]. Since then, polymer/LDH nanocomposites have attracted extensive interest. The wide variety of polymers used for nanocomposite preparation include polyethylene (PE) [29, 30, 33 9], polystyrene (PS) [48, 50-58], poly(propylene carbonate) [59], poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) [60-62], poly(vinyl chloride) [63], syndiotactic polystyrene [64], polyurethane [65], poly[(3-hydroxybutyrate)-co-(3-hydroxyvalerate)] [66], polypropylene (PP) [48, 67-70], nylon 6 [9,71,72], ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) [73-77], poly(L-lactide) [78], poly(ethylene terephthalate) [79, 80], poly(caprolactone) [81], poly(p-dioxanone) [82], poly(vinyl alcohol) [83], PMMA [32,47, 48, 57, 84-93], poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [94], poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) [95], polyimide [28], and epoxy [96-98]. These nanocomposites often exhibit enhanced mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrical properties and flame retardancy. Among them, the thermal properties and flame retardancy are the most interesting and will be discussed in the following sections. 

The highest conductivities in lithium salt doped systems have been achieved in plasticized systems (13-17). These are characterize by relatively high ionic conductivities (up to 10 S/cm at room temperature) and transparency for up to 30 mass% of PMMA where PMMA has been used (13,14). A two step polymerization of glyddyl methacrylate (GMA) in the presence of propylene carbonate (PC) and a lithium salt (IS), the use of small molecule cyclotriphosphazenes in... 

Polymer electrolytes in EC-devices reported between 1998 and 2001 (Granqvist, 2003) were e.g., polyethylene oxide (PEO) and (PAMPS) as H+ conducting polymers and Li+ conducting polymers were based e.g., on polymethyl-methaaylate (PMMA) copolymerized with propylene carbonate or poly(ethylene glycol methacrylate) (PEGMA) copolymerized with PEO or poly(vinyhdene fluoride) (PVDF) to which was added an appropriate Li salt to turn them conducting. 

PVME was shown to exhibit marginal miscibihty with poly(benzyl methacrylate) with lest behavior [805]. This blend appears to offer distinct similarities to PS/PVME blends. Immisci-bility of PVME with a host of other poly(meth)acrylates was observed. Misdbihty of PVME was reported with PEA, PnPA and PnBA but not PMAc [806]. Lower critical solution temperature behavior was noted for PVME/PEA and PVME/PnBA. PMMA misdbihty with an alternating copolymer of propylene-carbon monoxide was estabhshed by DSC, DMA, FTIR and NMR studies [807]. Poly(4-vinyl pyridine) and poly(2-vinyl pyridine) were found to be miscible with poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate), attributed to hydrogen bonding [808]. Poly(2-vinyl pyridine) blends showed lest behavior. 

Acylation with methacryloyl choride gives a difunctional EDOT methacrylate, which can be copolymerized to the tetrafunctional and therefore cross-linking-active molecule of Figure 13.40. These oligomers also can be dispersed in organic solvents like propylene carbonate or nitromethane. Toluenesulfonate counterions are preferred for the doped form. ... 

The concept of the GPE was first proposed by Feuillard and Perche (1975). It contains a small amount of organic liquid known as a plasticizer, such as cyclic carbonic acid ester and chain-like ester (propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.). Until now it has been the most common approach for the ion conductivity to reach the magnitude of 10" S/ cm at room temperature. Plasticizer-containing polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer host was reported to provide... 

Electrophilic addition reactions. See also Addition reactions with butylenes, 4 405-408 of maleic anhydride, 75 490 with methacrylic acid/derivatives, 76 236-237 of propylene, 20 774 Electrophilic aromatic substitution, benzene, 3 599-601 Electrophilic attack, at nitrogen and carbon, 27 98... 

The range of monomers that can be incorporated into block copolymers by the living anionic route includes not only the carbon-carbon double-bond monomers susceptible to anionic polymerization but also certain cyclic monomers, such as ethylene oxide, propylene sulfide, lactams, lactones, and cyclic siloxanes (Chap. 7). Thus one can synthesize block copolymers involving each of the two types of monomers. Some of these combinations require an appropriate adjustment of the propagating center prior to the addition of the cyclic monomer. For example, carbanions from monomers such as styrene or methyl methacrylate are not sufficiently nucleophilic to polymerize lactones. The block copolymer with a lactone can be synthesized if one adds a small amount of ethylene oxide to the living polystyryl system to convert propagating centers to alkoxide ions prior to adding the lactone monomer. 

The literature reports direct grafting by gamma-rays exposure of Nylon fibers or films to the following monomers carbon monoxide (/65), ethylene (157), propylene (157), acetylene (166), butadiene (157.162,163), styrene (158, 161,163,167,168), vinyl chloride (157,163), vinyl fluoride (169-172), vinyl acetate (161,163,173), vinyl propionate (161), vinyl butyrate (161), vinyl crotonate (161), vinyl 2-ethyl hexanoate (161), acrylic add (173,174), methyl acrylate (162, 163), ethyl acrylate (162,163), allyl acrylate (163), methyl methacrylate (28,161, 163,164), butyl methacrylate (161), acrylamide (158), methylol acrylamide (163), acrylonitrile (157,160-163, 167, 175-179), divinyl sulfone (161), vinyl pyridine (167,173), vinyl pyrrolidone (28) and triallyl cyanurate (158). 

PMMA PNGV PO POx PPMA PrOx PTFE PVD PZT Poly-methylmethacrylate Partnership of New Generation Vehicles Propylene oxide Partial oxidation Poly-methyl methacrylate Preferential carbon monoxide oxidation Poly-tetrafluorethylene Physical vapor deposition Lead-zirconate-titanate... 

FIG. 18.3 Activation energy of diffusion as a function of Tg for 21 different polymers from low to high temperatures, ( ) odd numbers (O) even numbers 1. Silicone rubber 2. Butadiene rubber 3. Hydropol (hydrogenated polybutadiene = amorphous polyethylene) 4. Styrene/butadiene rubber 5. Natural rubber 6. Butadiene/acrylonitrile rubber (80/20) 7. Butyl rubber 8. Ethylene/propylene rubber 9. Chloro-prene rubber (neoprene) 10. Poly(oxy methylene) 11. Butadiene/acrylonitrile rubber (60/40) 12. Polypropylene 13. Methyl rubber 14. Poly(viny[ acetate) 15. Nylon-11 16. Poly(ethyl methacrylate) 17. Polyethylene terephthalate) 18. Poly(vinyl chloride) 19. Polystyrene 20. Poly (bisphenol A carbonate) 21. Poly(2,6 dimethyl-p.phenylene oxide). 

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