Electrolyte film

Noda and Watanabe [42] reported a simple synthetic procedure for the free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers to give conducting polymer electrolyte films. Direct polymerization in the ionic liquid gives transparent, mechanically strong and highly conductive polymer electrolyte films. This was the first time that ambient-temperature ionic liquids had been used as a medium for free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. The ionic liquids [EMIM][BF4] and [BP][Bp4] (BP is N-butylpyridinium) were used with equimolar amounts of suitable monomers, and polymerization was initiated by prolonged heating (12 hours at 80 °C) with benzoyl... 

Bimetallic corrosion in atmospheres is confined to the area of the less noble metal in the vicinity of the bimetallic joint, owing to the high electrolytic resistance of the condensed electrolyte film. Electrolytic resistance considerations limit the effective anodic and cathodic areas to approximately equal size and therefore prevent alleviation of atmospheric galvanic corrosion through strict application of the catchment area principle. 

The influence of temperature, the concentration of the electrolyte, film thickness and solvent on the resistance of paint and varnish films is discussed below. 

Thin-film solid electrolytes in the range of lpm have the advantage that the material which is inactive for energy storage is minimized and the resistance of the solid electrolyte film is drastically decreased for geometrical reasons. This allows the application of a large variety of solid electrolytes which exhibit quite poor ionic conductivity but high thermodynamic stability. The most important thin-film preparation methods for solid electrolytes are briefly summarized below. 

Epitaxial effects are not limited to single-crystalline substrates. The possibility for substrate-induced epitaxial development in the difficult case of ZnSe (cf. conventional electrodeposition) has been established also by using strongly textured, albeit polycrystalline, zinc blende (111) CdSe electrolytic films to sustain monolithic growth of ZnSe in typical acidic selenite baths [16]. Investigation of the structural relations in this all-electrodeposited ZnSe/CdSe bilayer revealed that more than 30-fold intensification of the (111) ZnSe XRD orientation can be obtained on the textured (111) CdSe films, compared to polycrystalline metal substrates (Fig. 4.2). The inherent problems of deposition from the Se(IV) bath, i.e., formation of... 

De Marco R, Mackey DJ, Zirino A (1997) Response of the jalpaite membrane copper(lI) ion-selective electrode in marine waters. Electroanalysis 9 330-334 Kozicki MN, Mitkova M (2006) Mass transport in chalcogenide electrolyte films - materials and applications. J Non-Cryst Solids 352 567-577... 

Figure 14.7 (a) A schematic diagram of the experimental set-up for the generation of an ultrathin electrolyte film and for electrodeposition. The cell for electrodeposition shown here has two parallel electrodes. 

It should be noted, that ESR of electrode, having minimum resistance in dry state may be significantly increased during impregnating it with electrolyte solution (said resistance increase is typical in n-type solid phase composites). It is caused by the expansion effect due to formation of electrolyte films during wetting of the surface of electrode particles. Thus, dry conductivity data may serve only as an initial estimation during optimization of volumetric structure of an EC electrode. 

Nevertheless, the oxalate coprecipitation method has some problems. For example, this method usually results in rodlike doped ceria particles, which are agglomerations of smaller particles with irregular shapes. Hence, the green density of the compact body is relatively low, so it is difficult to fabricate a dense electrolyte film or membrane. In addition, the poor flow of the rodlike powder makes forming difficult. 

Ishihara T, Sato K, and Takita Y. Electrophoretic deposition of Y203-stabilized Zr02 electrolyte films in solid oxide fuel cells. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1996 79 913-919. 

Figure 2.12 shows the Cp values resulting from fitting peak potentials measured in CV as a function of ionic strength with Equation 2.5 for PAH-Os/PVS films finished either in positive or negative polyions and assembled and tested at different pHs. Interestingly, not always do films finished in PVS have Cp < 0 and films capped with PAH-Os have Cp>0, which means that uncompensated charges at the electrolyte/ film interface are not the only contribution to Cp. The other contribution arises from... 

The importance of developing pinhole-free, electrolyte films of nanometer thickness is potentially useful for all 3-D battery designs. For this reason, most of this section reviews the synthesis and characterization of this ultrathin polymer electrolyte with an emphasis on topics such as leakage currents and dielectric strength, which become critically important at the nanoscale. A few comments concerning the packaging of 3-D batteries are made at the end. 

The equations used in these models are primarily those described above. Mainly, the diffusion equation with reaction is used (e.g., eq 56). For the flooded-agglomerate models, diffusion across the electrolyte film is included, along with the use of equilibrium for the dissolved gas concentration in the electrolyte. These models were able to match the experimental findings such as the doubling of the Tafel slope due to mass-transport limitations. The equations are amenable to analytic solution mainly because of the assumption of first-order reaction with Tafel kinetics, which means that eq 13 and not eq 15 must be used for the kinetic expression. The different equations and limiting cases are described in the literature models as well as elsewhere. 

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