Product lifecycles

An atom economic route to the insecticide aldrin (Scheme 1.9) was developed some fifty years ago. This very potent insecticide was later banned in most countries owing to its toxicity to wild life. This example illustrates the need to look at the whole product lifecycle, not just the synthetic route. 

The ability to reproducibly determine the additive package present in polymers is of major concern to resin manufacturers, converters (compounders), end-users, regulators and others. Qualitative and/or quantitative knowledge of compounding ingredients, to be obtained by additive analysis, may be needed in various stages of a product lifecycle (Table 1.11). 

If all parts of the livestock production lifecycle are included, livestock are estimated to account for 18% of global anthropogenic emissions [57]. According to Gill and coworkers [57], apart from enteric fermentation and manure management, the other sources of GHG emission from livestock and related activities are fossil fuels used during feed and fertilizer production and transport of processed animal products. 

The demand planning module is used for short-term and midterm sales planning. It covers basic statistical forecasting methods, but is also capable of taking additional aspects into account. For example, these may be promotions in shortterm sales planning or the consideration of product lifecycles in midterm sales planning. 

Dove Beauty Bar was developed by Lever Brothers Co., a subsidiary of Unilever in the United States, in the 1950 s. It has had an unusual product lifecycle in that it had a minor share of the U.S. soap market for over 25 years, after which it suddenly underwent a major expansion of market share, becoming the largest selling cleansing bar in the U.S. (as measured by dollar sales) [1,2],... 

A product lifecycle ranges from resource extraction through manufacture to use and final waste disposal or processing. Under the current EU chemical risk assessment procedure, lifecycle thinking considers the risks at each stage of a substance s lifecycle, with the possible summation of multiple sources of exposures to a single substance [144], LCA that quantitatively evaluate the overall environmental and health impacts of processes, services or products can complement risk assessment as a useful decision-support tool for chemical risk management [183, 188, 536]. 

Three basic principles have emerged as common themes in these policies the Polluter Pays Principle clarifies who bears the costs for chemical contamination the Substitution Principle encourages the adoption of the safest chemicals and the Precautionary Principle promotes preventive action even in the face of the uncertainties of risks (see Section 3.3.2 for a more in depth discussion of the Precautionary Principle). Specifically, the new national chemicals policies of Northern European countries have relied on rapid screening tests for determining regulatory actions on chemicals, focused on products and product lifecycles for risk reduction, established lists of undesirable substances, and, in limited cases, employed government authority to phase out the use of the most hazardous substances such as lead, mercury, cadmium, brominated flame retardants and chlorinated paraffins (for a more extensive review, see Tickner and Geiser, 2003, www.chemicalspolicy.org). 

Another company used the tool to help senior management think more globally about SD, to identify gaps in its product lifecycle management process, and to help its public affairs function to deal more effectively with stakeholders. 

DfE) called Design for X (DfX, where X is any desirable product characteristics such as safety, manufacturability, recyclability, etc.) typically focuses on reduction of environmental impacts and resource consumption throughout the product lifecycle. 1996 Fiksel, 1996... 

Level 4 — Supply chain and product lifecycle metrics, which extend Level 3 indicators to consider impacts along the supply chain and the entire lifecycle of the products and... 

The second step is to increase the use of renewable raw materials throughout the product lifecycle. This represents a shift in historic approach and will require partnerships with suppliers to find alternative raw materials for our processes that can be sustainably produced from renewable resources. 

Product stewardship. Corporate recognition of its responsibility to identify and mitigate potential adverse EHS impacts through the products lifecycle. 

A Chemical Data Management System (CDMS) and other material tracking systems allow 3M to track the procurement and use of chemicals and other materials that may contain chemicals throughout the product lifecycle. The CDMS is also used to generate Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs), which help assure product safety. 

As a continuation of IMPROVE subprojects Al and II, the transfer project aims at the integrative modeling, analysis, and improvement of a variety of work processes in the lifecycle of a chemical product across disciplinary and institutional boundaries. Within the project, different types of work processes in four very different phases of the chemical product lifecycle are considered, namely... 

Multiple authors present a cross-disciplinary look at waste minimization. Topics covered include principles of dean production, profiting from pollution prevention, product lifecycle assessment, risk reduction and chemical control, economic policy and environmental assurance, and liability for the environment... 

ChemSystems, Inc., Vinyl Product Lifecycle Assessment." Prepared for the Vinyl Institute, Washington. DC, 1991. 

Those seeking to develop therapeutic products will need to understand these dynamic interactions and the consequent potential changes in one or more society s approach to its healthcare. Indeed, this is another opportunity for pharmaceutical medicine to broaden. The speciality should cover all pharmacologically active treatments, all disease preventions and all health maintenance modalities. The objective is to maximize patient benefits and extend product lifecycles, as well as company sales. Clearly, pharmaceutical medicine requires an ability to read the direction society is taking and an understanding that, on a global basis, various... 

Transferring validated methods can occur several times in a product lifecycle. Each time there is a chance of losing valuable information if the transfer does not occur according to a sound process. A poor transfer process could mean that the new lab must discover over again what the originating lab knew about the product characteristics and the analytical methods whether it be a particular sensitivity the product has to analytical technique or storage conditions or the identity of a small unknown peak in the related substance s chromatogram. 

In order to be successful in this environment, the company hires engineers with ethics, sustainability knowledge (footprint analysis, product lifecycle management, energy intensive, carbon neutral systems) and systems thinking. These were the reasons why... 

A CRM assessment will generally be a cost to the project (although of course one can argue the ultimate value add of the assessment more than recuperates that cost). The cost needs to be included in the project business case but quantifying it early in the product lifecycle can be a challenge. By developing a repeatable SMS, one is able to better predict the likely effort involved in applying that process to a particular product. 

---