Lifecycle

A suitable maintenance strategy should be developed for equipment by considering the criticality and failure mode, and then applying a mixture of the forms of maintenance described above. In particular, the long-term cost of maintenance of an item of equipment should be estimated over the whole life of the project and combined with its capital cost to select both the type of equipment and form of maintenance which gives the best full lifecycle cost on a discounted basis), while of course meeting the technical, safety and environmental specifications. 

Vinyl compares favorably to other packaging materials. In 1992, a lifecycle assessment comparison of specific packages made from glass, paperboard, paper, and selected plastics concluded that vinyl was the material that has the lowest production energy and carbon dioxide emissions, as well as the lowest fossil fuel and raw material requirements of the plastics studied (169). Vinyl saves more than 34 million Btu per 1000 pounds manufactured compared to the highest energy-consuming plastic (170). 

Observed recovery in raptors has been slow owing to their lifecycle this is also an indication of the environmental movement and dispersal of endocrine disrupting chemicals from areas of intense agriculture to the aquatic environmental... 

Frequently a piece of equipment is used in different processes during its lifecycle. This could result in process conditions that exceed the safe operating limits of the equipment. Equipment inspection may provide a poor prediction of the equipment s useful life and reliability, due to the change of material handled or change in process chemistry over the life of equipment. Batch operations are also characterized by frequent start-up and shut-down of equipment. This can lead to accelerated equipment aging and may lead to equipment failure. This chapter presents issues and concerns related to the safe design, operation, and maintenance of various pieces of equipment in batch reaction systems, and provides potential solutions. 

Equipment used in different processes during its lifecycle. Surplus equipment or existing equipment reused for different use. Possibility of equipment being used outside its safe operating envelope. 

Morgan, W.C., Nuelear graphite development, operational problems, and resolution of these problems at the Hanford produetion reactors. In Proceedings of the IAEA Specialists Meeting on Graphite Moderator Lifecycle Behavior, lAEA-TECHDOC-901, IAEA, Vienna, 1996, pp. 69 77. 

Thermoxidative degradation of polymers can occur at all stages of their lifecycle (polymerization, storage, fabrication, weathering) but its effect is most pronounced... 

Maintenance is estimated to represent more than one third of all building expenditure, which underlines its significance in the economic lifecycle of any building, the vital importance of designing for it and skillfully managing its execution. 

Designing with plastics , G.W. Ehrenstein, G. Erhard Hanser Pubis (1984) ISBN 0029487706. Key book sections include (1) design influencing factors, (2) environmental effects on plastics, (3) lifecycle assessment and prediction, (4) cost estimation and (5) design guidelines. 

An atom economic route to the insecticide aldrin (Scheme 1.9) was developed some fifty years ago. This very potent insecticide was later banned in most countries owing to its toxicity to wild life. This example illustrates the need to look at the whole product lifecycle, not just the synthetic route. 

Zinnerman, H, Volknandt, W, Wittich, B and Hausinger, A (1993) Synaptic vesicle lifecycle and synaptic turnover. J. Physiol. (Paris) 87 159-170. 

Avoid the release of organic vapours or gases at any stage in the lifecycle. 

See for example Hurme, M. Rahman, M. (2005) Implementing inherent safety throughout process lifecycle. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 18 (4-6), 238-244. 

Assessing and evaluating chemical hazards in order to seek the greenest options provides the foundation from which hfecycle impacts and exposure can be considered. By first selecting chemical candidates with the least inherent hazard, companies can make more informed choices by considering the potential for exposure and lifecycle impacts. 

FIGURE 2.3 System boundaries for lifecycle analysis of the fluid milk supply chain. 

EPA (2009b). EPA Lifecycle Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Renewable Fuels. http //www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/index.htm (accessed 25.10.10). 

The ability to reproducibly determine the additive package present in polymers is of major concern to resin manufacturers, converters (compounders), end-users, regulators and others. Qualitative and/or quantitative knowledge of compounding ingredients, to be obtained by additive analysis, may be needed in various stages of a product lifecycle (Table 1.11). 

If all parts of the livestock production lifecycle are included, livestock are estimated to account for 18% of global anthropogenic emissions [57]. According to Gill and coworkers [57], apart from enteric fermentation and manure management, the other sources of GHG emission from livestock and related activities are fossil fuels used during feed and fertilizer production and transport of processed animal products. 

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