Resource extraction

Figure 1.1 An example of a ffubbert curve, representing an idealized history of resource extraction. The amount of material extracted in a year is represented by the bell-shaped curve, whereas the cumulative amount of material extracted is given by the sigmoidal curve.

Although both types of pollution sources present a serious problem, point sources can be controlled, at least in principle. Nonpoint sources, however, are difficult to control. Sources and types of nonpoint pollution in impacted rivers and lakes in the United States include agriculture, land disposal, construction, hydromodification, urban runoff, and silviculture, resource extraction. The pollutants in these sources include sediment, nutrients, toxins, pesticides, salinity, and acidity (Institute, 1988). Looking at these lists, one can easily deduce that solvents play roles in the pollution of water. 

A product lifecycle ranges from resource extraction through manufacture to use and final waste disposal or processing. Under the current EU chemical risk assessment procedure, lifecycle thinking considers the risks at each stage of a substance s lifecycle, with the possible summation of multiple sources of exposures to a single substance [144], LCA that quantitatively evaluate the overall environmental and health impacts of processes, services or products can complement risk assessment as a useful decision-support tool for chemical risk management [183, 188, 536]. 

Takasaki, Y., Barham, B. L., and Coomes, O. T. (2004). Risk coping strategies in tropical forests Floods, illnesses, and resource extraction. Environment and Development... 

Opportunities for P2 at the macroscale can be identified from three distinct perspectives. First, waste-generation audits identify flow rates and compositions of materials in the industrial economy, which are potential P2 targets, from natural resource extraction to consumer product disposal. Second, industrial ecology studies examine the uses and the wastes associated with a particular material. Third, life-cycle analyses (LCA) assess the environmental impacts due to the life cycles of individual products/processes by determining waste generation rates, energy consumption, and raw material usage. 

The LCA evaluation program is a method to determine and compare the environmental impacts of alternative products or processes, including impacts of initial resource extraction to tvaste disposal. In this study, the scope of the analysis tvas from crude-oil extraction through combustion of the refined diesel fuels in a vehicle. It vas assumed that all fuels had the same performance in the vehicle. The primary focus of... 

Future perturbations related to resource extraction 8.4.2.1 Hydrothermal sulphides... 

Fig. 9.1 Natural resource extraction, concentration, and residue generation. Example raw copper (after Sutter (1991)...

Resource extraction and processing and other related issues of raw material preparation stage... 

What do we pay for when we trade dollars for gasoline Dollars are a cumulative measure of labor and services involved through the whole chain of processes from resource extraction to refining, storage, and transport to the... 

Potential impact on the natural environment, human health or the depletion of natural resources, caused by the interventions between the technosphere and the ecosphere as covered by LCA (e.g., emissions, resource extraction, land use). 

AU plastic waste including htter is a material of value in terms of the embedded energy and the nonrenewable materials that comprise it. It is clearly a resource or a raw material that must ideally be recycled and its material and/or energy resources extracted for reuse. Degradability and compostability do not facilitate this key sustainability objective. 

LCA is a technique to assess the potential environmental aspects associated with products or services. It is a compilation of an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs, evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with them and interpreting the results of the inventory and impact phases in relation to the objectives of the study. The term life cycle indicates that all stages in a product s life, from resource extraction to ultimate disposal, should be taken into account. 

The public acceptance of relevant industrial activities, like resource extraction and processing, product manufacturing, refining and use, energy generation and consumption as well as waste treatment and disposal practices (see this volume), is much related to the existing preload, sensitivity, or tolerance of a prospective site or area. 

Resources limitations Impacts of resource extraction Transportation... 

Damage to Resources Extraction of Minerals, Extraction of Fossil Fuels. 

All these families arise from petrochemical resources and this raises the question of the security of supply of fossil reserves to ensure the sustainability of plastic packaging. World reserves of oil are estimated at roughly 1 — 1.5 X 10 tonnes, more or less 40 years of consumption at the present rate. However, these values do not allow an easy correlation to the rate of petrochemical resource extraction and depletion. Many schools of thought have... 

---