Product diversification

So far we have shown how, by manipulating the formulation of media, improvements in product yield and product diversification were achieved in the early years of penicillin production. We have deliberately selected the high points of these development activities. We will now turn our attention to another aspect of the development of penicillin production the switch from surface to deep culture. 

The isomerase (EC 5.3.3.1) from Pseudomonas testosteroni has been studied in detail. This enzyme transfers a hydrogen from position 4 to the 6fl-position. Although several isomerases have been detected, their presence is often seen as presenting problems as they frequently lead to product diversification. 

The purpose of this article is to indicate and illustrate the very wide range of factors, apart from and beyond questions of underlying chemistry and chemical specificity, that determine or constrain the utility of various investigative efforts in catalyst research they also define the continuing and progressive contributions to the chemical industry which the catalyst chemist can make. The ultimate criteria are nearly always found in cost reduction and/or in product diversification and improvement. 

The motivation for the investigation of a pipeless plant as an alternative production concept was the increasing product diversification and the decrease of the individual production volumes. It is expected that the capacity and the flexibility of the existing standard multipurpose plant that consists of several batch mixers will be not sufficient to meet the market demands and to stay economically competitive in the future. 

One reason why interest in aquatic biomass has developed so rapidly, and with such driving force, is that algae are better converters of solar energy (T = 6-8% under natural conditions, up to 9-10% in bioreactors) than are terrestrial plants (T = 1.5—2.2%), and also have a better potential for fuel production diversification... 

Zhang C, Weller RL, Thorson JS et al (2006) Natural product diversification using a nonnatural cofactor analogue of S-adenosyl-L-methionine. J Am Chem Soc 128 2760-2761... 

Farm-level processing operations are the most important unit operations for value addition and product diversification of spices. It is essential that these operations ensure proper conservation of the basic qualities like aroma, flavour, pungency, colour, etc. Each of these operations enhances the quality of the produce and the value of the spice. The clean raw materials form the basis for diversified value-added products. 

Faced with a general deterioration of market prospects, the coconut industry continued to receive special attention in major producing countries. In Indonesia, support measures tended to emphasize intercropping, rehabilitation measures, and product diversification. In the Philippines, in 2001, coconut producers have been included in the public food distribution scheme with a view to protect farmers from the impact of declining prices for coconut products. A number of accompanying rural development programes aim at providing alternative livelihood opportunities for small coconut farmers (39). 

The last quadrant in Figure 16 shows the areas for eventual product diversification from energy and/or liquid biofuel vectors. Although these do not appear to offer great market potential they can address niche markets for the production of bio-chemicals and/or the recovery of the valuable products such as the monomer from waste polymers and aluminium from drink packaging. 

Alternative strategies for product diversification Summary and objectives... 

By 1970 Du Font s senior managers, having appreciated the limits of their corporate capabilities for new-product development, redefined the role of corporate R D in their industry, as they had lost their strong faith that research, particularly fundamental research, would be the salvation of the company. They now understood that the postwar product-specific technical, functional, and managerial capabilities developed in the several operating departments clearly served as a more reliable source for the improvement and commercializing of new products and processes than did basic research or even centrally planned, related-product diversification into new markets. 

It seems apparent that the various forces which today are acting to widen the chemical industry s markets by product diversification and integration toward the consumer will continue unabated into the 1960 s. The rapid addition of new products to the output of the chemical industry has made it almost a cliche for companies to state publicly how large a percentage of sales is accounted for by products which did not exist 5 or 10 years ago. Added to the growing complexity of the product mix of the industry is the industry s... 

Suzue, T, and Kohdate, A. (1990), Variety Reduction Program A Production Strategy for Product Diversification, Productivity Press, Cambridge, MA. 

Four-Year Plan in October 1936, of a policy of plant expansion and product diversification/ ... 

Van Esch (1992) notes that, aside from contaminated raw material (concentrate), 95% of the contamination occurs because production demands of the bottling facility lead to shortcutting sanitation. Thomas and Davenport (1985) further report that product diversification is key to the spread of this spoilage yeast. Production of several product lines within the same facility leads to cross-contamination. They conclude that national and international trade in fruit concentrates has probably served to spread the spoilage yeast. 

Further developments in metallocene- and Ziegler-Natta catalysts as well as innovative improvements in polymerization technology are guarantees for further product diversifications using the existing processes and for improvements in reactor productivities. 

The history of surfactant applications in personal care products can be traced back to the ancient Egyptians. Soap was the only available surfactant in those early centuries. It was not until the Second World War that synthetic surfactants were developed and formulated into daily personal care products. Diversification and expansion of synthetic surfactants based on the technological and economical advances of the oleochemical and petrochemical industries made surfactants indispensable for daily life in industrialized countries such as the United States, western Europe, and Japan, and the same trends are expanding throughout the world. We now face a controversial problem cleansing ability as the primary function of surfactants versus gentleness to humans and environmental impact. 

While the demand for variety is theoretically unlimited, product diversification is commonly limited with supply side. Constraints in the supply side usually include resource limitations. Most of these restrictions have nowadays been solved with advances in technology (Tang and Yam 1996). Therefore, in the developed model, it is assumed that all constraints are related to production technology and equipment and they are crisp. In addition, it is possible to produce several products at the same time. 

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