Fruit concentrates

Symptoms A very common fungal problem that produces soft, brown patches on fruit Concentric circles of white fluffy growth also develop on these areas while fruit is on the tree or in storage. Fruit may turn black. Some fruit on the tree will shrivel, become mummified, and remain attached throughout the winter. 

In the food industry it has often been difficult to obtain true viscosity measurements (unithj.j) of complex fluid foods such as coarse fruit suspensions. These are usually non-Newtonian suspensions. Fruit concentrates are dispersions of solid particles (pulp) in aqueous media (serum). Their rheological properties are of interest in practical applications related to processing, storage stability, and sensory properties. Expensive rheometers are often not available in quality control and product development laboratories. However, viscosity is nonetheless an important quality factor of these products. 

Citric acid was originally produced commercially from lemons, limes or bergamots by pressing the fruit, concentrating the pressed juice and precipitating citric acid as its calcium salt, from which it was subsequently purified. It is now produced by the action of enzymes on glucose and other sugars. 

The main drawback in the use of fumaric acid is its slow solubility rate in compar ison with citric acid, and special methods need to be employed in its dissolution. It has been claimed that fumaric acid and its salts have a tendency to stabilise the suspended matter in both flash-pasteurised and frozen fruit concentrates (McColloch Gentile, 1958). 

Other fruit juices can also be used as sweeteners after undergoing physical treatment methods to neutralise and decolourise them. Such fruit concentrates are used as alternatives to natural fruit sugar. 

Residually occurring, allowed at 10 ppm or less (i.e., from fruit concentrates)... 

Fruit concentrates containing fruit acids, vitamins B3 and B6, fructose, and glucose... 

Bitter orange fruit concentrated extract combined with caffeine or caffeine-containing herbs is not recommended for excessive or long-term use or for use by persons with heart irregularities, hypertension, insomnia, or anxiety (Haller 2005). 

No clinically relevant drug or supplement interactions are expected with bitter orange fruit concentrated extract in which the furocou-marins that are naturally occurring in the fruit are not present. 

Information on the safety of bitter orange fruit concentrated extract in pregnancy is limited. A study of bitter orange fruit concentrated extract in pregnant rats showed no adverse effects on mothers or fetuses (Hansen et al. 2006). In a subsequent study, administration of oral doses of synephrine of up to 100 mg/kg body weight to pregnant rats for 20 days resulted in no developmental toxicity and no adverse effects on fetal development (Hansen et al. 2011). 

No significant effects of bitter orange fruit concentrated extract (700 mg daily with 28 mg synephrine) were observed on CYP3A4 (Gurley et al. 2004). 

No adverse events were reported in a clinical trial of adults taking a supplement containing bitter orange fruit concentrated extract (975 mg with 58 mg synephrine), caffeine, and St. John s wort (Hypericum peiforatum) for 6 weeks (Colker et al. 1999). 

Conversely, a single dose of bitter orange fruit concentrated extract containing 46.9 mg synephrine was reported to be associated with an increased heart rate of 11.4 10.8 beats per minute after 6 hours, while blood pressure remained unchanged (Haller et al. 2005). In another study of a bitter orange fruit concentrated extract (900 mg with 54 mg... 

In rats administered 2.5 to 20 mg/kg bitter orange fruit concentrated extract daily (4 or 6% synephrine) for 7 or 15 days, mortality was observed in a dose-dependent manner in animals receiving extracts with either 4 or 6% synephrine. No differences in blood pressure were observed as compared to the control group (Calapai et al. 1999). 

No information on the safety of bitter orange fruit concentrated extract during lactation was identified. 

Rats fed 10 g/kg bitter orange fruit concentrated extract daily for 14 days showed no mortality, although... 

Information on the safety of bitter orange fruit concentrated extract in pregnancy is limited. A study of bitter orange fruit concentrated extract in pregnant rats showed no adverse effects on mothers or fetuses (Hansen et al. 2006). 

A stroke was reported in a 38-year-old man with a one-week history of taking a supplement containing bitter orange fruit concentrated extract (6-12 mg synephrine daily) and caffeine (200-400 mg daily) (Bouchard et al. 2005). 

No changes in the QT, interval or blood pressure were observed after a single dose of bitter orange fruit concentrated extract (450 mg with 27 mg synephrine) (Min et al. 2005). No increases in systolic or diastolic blood pressure or heart rate occurred in fasting volunteers 45 minutes after oral consumption of bitter orange fruit concentrated extract containing 50 mg p-synephrine with or without the flavo-noids naringin and hesperidin (Stohs et al 2011). 

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