Produced Petroleum

In the distillation units for producing petroleum cuts, the curves are determined in the laboratory from samples taken at regular intervals. 

The powders of zeolites of various trademarks are used to produce petroleum-refining catalysts. In this connection, it is very important to have complete information concerning not only chemical composition and distribution of impurity elements, but also shape, surface, stmcture and sizes of particles. It allows a more detailed analysis of the physical-chemical characteristics of catalysts, affecting their activity at different stages of technological process. One prospective for solving these tasks is X-ray microanalysis with an electron probe (EPMA). 

A futures contract is an agreement that calls for a seller to deliver to a buyer a specified quantity and quality of an identified commodity, at a fixed time in the future, at a price agreed to when the contract is made. An option on a commodity futures contract gives the buyer of the option the right to convert the option into a futures contract. Energy futures and options contracts arc used by energy producers, petroleum refin-... 

All fossil fuels are considered unsustainable because someday they will reach a point of depletion when it becomes uneconomic to produce. Petroleum is the least sustainable because it is the most finite fossil fuel. Although levels of production are expected to begin declining no later than 2030 (U.S. production peaked in 1970), the U.S. and world resei ves could be further expanded by technological advances that continue to improve discoveiy rates and individual well productivity. The extraction of oils found in shales (exceeds three trillion barrels of oil equivalent worldwide) and sands (resei ves of at least two trillion barrels worldwide) could also significantly increase reserves. The reserves of natural gas are comparable to that of oil, but natural gas is considered a more sustainable resource since consumption rates are lower and it burns cleaner than petroleum products (more environmentally sustainable). 

Gas from a well which also is producing petroleum liquid ... 

Zirconium-95 is the most important of the artificial radioactive isotopes of zirconium. It is placed in pipelines to trace the flow of oil and other fluids as they flow through the pipes. It is also used as a catalyst in petroleum-cracking plants that produce petroleum products from crude oil. 

During World War II, an improved process was developed for producing petroleum naphthas ensuring unlimited quantities of toluene. Purification techniques were improved for TNT. Composites mixtures of TNT-PETN, TNT-RDX, TNT-tetryl, TNT-ammonium picrate, TNT aluminium, etc., were prepared. 

In spite of extensive efforts to improve coal liquefaction, so far, coal-derived oils cannot compete with petroleum. The cost of coal liquefaction must be lowered to produce petroleum substitutes at a reasonable price. 

The chemical composition of heavy oils and residua is, in spite of the large volume of work performed in this area, largely speculative (Thompson et al., 1976 Altgelt and Boduszynski, 1994 Speight, 1999). Indeed, the simpler crude oils are extremely complex mixtures of organic compounds. In fact, the composition of petroleum can vary with the location and age of the field in addition to any variations that occur with the depth of the individual well. Two adjacent wells are more than likely to produce petroleum with very different characteristics. 

The key words to the future of methanol/gasoline blends for automotive use are need and availability. Technically, the operation of methanol/gasoline blends in automotive engines is feasible with some associated problems. Economically, methanol is not yet competitive with gasoline produced from petroleum, hence the need has not been strongly established. Since the need or market is not established, the capital expenses involved in producing methanol from coal or garbage are not presently justified. However, if 40-60% of the crude oil used in the U.S. to produce petroleum products should suddenly become unavailable, the need would be very real. The necessity of compete evaluation of methanol and other alternate fuels is evident. 

Daily consumption of oil in the United States exceeds 17 million barrels of oil per day, of which approximately 7 million barrels are in the form of gasoline for vehicles. Over half the petroleum consumed in the United States is imported from other countries. (Assuming oil costs 20 per barrel and we import 8.5 million barrels per day, over one billion dollars per week are spent on oil imports). While the United States has tremendous reserves of petroleum, the undiscovered fields that remain tend to be smaller than the fields currently producing petroleum outside of the United States. Thus, less expensive foreign reserves are imported to the United States. When foreign petroleum increases in price, more exploration occurs in the United States as it becomes more profitable to drill wells in order to exploit smaller reservoirs. 

Current research in petroleum includes many different activities. Within companies that explore for and produce petroleum, scientists and engineers try to determine where they should explore for petroleum, how they might recover more petroleum from a given field, and what types of tools can be lowered into wells in order to en-... 

Petroleum exploration specialists are using a type of geophysical data known as three-dimensional seismic data to study the structures and rock types below the surface of the earth in order to determine where exploration wells might successfully produce petroleum. Geochemists are assessing the results of studies of the chemistry of the surface of the earth and whether or not these results can improve the predictions of scientists prior to drilling expensive exploratory wells. 

Alkaline flooding is an old concept, first patented by Atkinson (48) in 1927. Hydroxide ion in an alkaline solution reacts with acidic components present in some crude oils to produce petroleum soaps, which are generally sodium salts of carboxylic acids. These petroleum soaps are capable of adsorbing at the oil-water interface and lowering interfacial tension. Crude oils suitable... 

Waste oils and used oils are being re-refined either to produce petroleum products or for energy recovery [80, 81]. These measures are decreasing the oil lost to the oceans by poorly used oil disposal practices. The motivation for these actions has come from the increase in value of petroleum and from an increased recognition of the harm done to oceans by large discharges of used oil. 

Petroleum, or crude oil, was discovered in the United States (Pennsylvania) in 1859 and in the Middle East (Iran) in 1908. It has been found in many other locations since these initial discoveries and is now pumped from the ground in many parts of the world. Petroleum consists mainly of hydrocarbons. Small amounts of organic compounds containing nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen are also present. Each oil field produces petroleum with a particular set of characteristics. Distillation of petroleum produces several fractions. 

But before delving into the detailed aspects of petroleum product analysis, it is necessary to understand the nature and character of petroleum as well as the methods used to produce petroleum products. This will present to the reader the background that is necessary to understand petroleum and the processes used to convert it to products. The details of the chemistry are not presented here and can be found elsewhere (Speight, 1999, 2000 Speight and Ozum, 2002). 

There are other methods to increase petroleum processing and stabilize the petroleum industry. Two methods can be facilitated by the state these are the increase of prices for petroleum in the domestic market and an improved taxation system for oil-extracting enterprises. Enterprises have obligations as well. These are in technical equipment, extraction of petroleum from oil wells with small petroleum reserves (it is possible only with an increase in prices for petroleum in the domestic and/or world markets), increase in the level of oil processing and sale of produced petroleum and petroleum products. 

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