Proactive approach

In subsequent sections the application of PIFs to various aspects of error reduction will be described. One of the most important of these applications is the use of comprehensive lists of PIFs as a means of auditing an existing plant to identify problem areas that will give rise to increased error potential. This is one aspect of the proactive approach to error reduction that forms a major theme of this book. This application of PIFs can be used by process workers as part of a participative error reduction program. This is an important feature of the human factors assessment methodology (HFAM) approach discussed in Section 2.7. 

To achieve this objective at the operational level, consistently good water treatment practice is required on site. However, achieving this objective cannot and should not be the sole prerogative or responsibility of any one person. Rather, if success is to be attained and maintained, it requires a proactive approach with joint participation, support, and communication by the water treatment service company and the owners and/or operators of the boiler plant. 

Thus, the entire thrust of a water treatment program requires a proactive approach to potential problem identification and resolution. The scope of the program should therefore be wide enough to include not only all relevant conditioning equipment and chemical treatments but also a variety of technical and operational support services. 

Similar reporting requirements apply under U S regulations, although there are some variations vdth regards to the frequency and information that must be included in different reports. The FDA are able to take a somewhat more proactive approach in investigating the performance of medicines on the market as they have some funding available to co-sponsor studies of relevance. Their main sources of information are illustrated schematically in Figure 12.8. 

The registrant may submit residue data on any number of processed fractions. Table 1 of the 860 Series just defines what the EPA is required. A registrant may be wise to take a proactive approach and collect residue data on additional processed commodities for use in dietary exposure assessments. 

To counter probable disturbances, we can take an even more proactive approach than cascade control, and use feedforward control. The idea is that if we can make measurements of disturbance changes, we can use this information and our knowledge of the process model to make proper adjustments in the manipulated variable before the disturbance has a chance to affect the controlled variable. 

FSS is a proactive approach which will reduce inconsistencies during the facility acquisition process. This results in a more mission responsive facility that is less expensive. 

Synthesis of Subsection 3.2.4 - Only a minor fraction of sprayed pesticides hits the intended target, while most of them pollute the environment however, pesticides cannot be abandoned. IPM helps to enormously reduce their use and is presently progressing towards the proactive approach . It is impossible to totally ban chemical pesticides, also because botanicals and the other pesticides permitted by organic agriculture are less effective and/or more polluting. One major problem is the determination of threshold values for the treatments. 

EMEA The European Risk Management Strategy (ERMS) aims to provide a more coherent approach to the detection, assessment, minimization and communication of risks of medicines in Europe. This should lead to a more proactive approach to safety monitoring of medicines throughout their life-cycle. ... 

Adopting innovative, proactive approaches (including emergent science such as pharmacogenetics and personal informatics) and learning from other social and industrial sectors (such as aviation) where safety is a core aspect of operations, for ... 

Miniaturized LC/MS formats based on micromachined chip-based electrospray emitters and ionization sources on silicon (Schultz et al., 2000 Licklider et al., 2000 Ramsey and Ramsey 1997 Xue et al., 1997) and plastic (Vrouwe et al., 2000 Yuan and Shiea, 2001, Tang et al., 2001) microchips is a proactive approach for scale-down platforms. Various micromachining processes are used to fabricate these devices. These microanalytical technologies would create integrated sample preparation and LC/MS applications. The potential benefits of such a system include reduced consumption of sample/reagents, low cost, and disposability. 

Audit report titles should reflect a more enlightened and proactive approach to auditing something like the GMP enhancement plan or quality and compliance improvements might serve to motivate employees and enlist executive management s support rather than the cold audit report. 

The new proactive approach examines the genesis of noncompliance and overhauls systems and processes where needed. 

A proactive approach for medicahon safety promotes a nonpunitive culture, wherein errors and near misses can be reported and safety improved. Prac-tihoners need to be assured by their organization that reporting errors is encouraged, individuals will not be punished for system failures, and improvements will be made to prevent future errors. 

A failure mode and effects analysis (also known as failure mode and criticality analysis) examines a high-risk process in advance of an error to detect potential problems. The problems can then be fixed before an error occurs. It is used to discover the potential risk in a product or system. It involves examining a product or system to identify all the ways in which it might fail and allows for a proactive approach to fixing problems before they occur. 

When engineering is done in-house or by multiple firms, the Project Manager must take a proactive approach and assume the leading role in documenting relevant project activities, especially those related to defining changes in scope and/or schedule. 

Two main cases are presented. Firstly, the unveiled uncertainty is considered in the scenarios of the proactive approach (Table 1) secondly, uncertainty unveils partially out of the considered range (Table 2). 

Results for the first case are shown in Table 1. The reactive model objective function has a lower value than that obtained from the proactive approach. This stems from the fact that unit reallocation is allowed in the reactive model which permits further improvement in the objective function. In case the uncertainty unveils in the time range of the proactive model scenarios, it seems that the closer to the beginning of the time horizon the uncertainty unveils, the better evaluation criterion values in the proactive approach. However, the closer to the end of the time horizon, the better the reactive model schedules performs. 

In this work, a comparison between proactive and reactive approaches has been carried out in terms of a new proposed evaluation criterion that considers earliness and tardiness, as well as rescheduling costs. This cost takes into account the total deviation from initial starting times and a batch reallocation cost which is proportional to the objective function. According to the presented case studies, the further from initially considered values uncertainty unveils, the better the reactive schedule performs according to the evaluation criterion. On the contrary, if uncertainty unveils as forecasted, and early in the time horizon, the best choice is the proactive approach. Future work will be focused on the validation and further improvement of the proactive-reactive control scheme. 

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