Primary literature

This comprises original publications in scientific journals or serials proceedings, in which the latest information and data are published for the first time. Primary literature includes dissertations and theses, journals, patents, conference proceedings, research reports, and preprints the latter three are often called gray literature). 

Publications of this kind are described as non-original. They are abstracting services and handbooks that catch the primary literature, condense the important contents, and make this information available (searchable). Secondary literature is not evaluated and is provided in both printable and electronic forms. Examples are Gmelin, Beilstein, Citations Chemisches Zentralblatt, Chemical Abstracts, or Science Citation Index handbooks include Houben-Weyl, and Landolt Bomstein. 

Monographs, reference books, and encyclopedias, e.g., Ullmann s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, or the Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry are included in this type of literature, which is furthest from the primary literature as concerns time and content. In most cases, tertiary literature summarizes a topic with information from different sources, and additionally evaluates the contents. 

In the mid and late 1990s CAS developed the ChemPort module as a linked gateway to primary literature. The CAS online delivery clients arc able to move into CbemPort to display primaiy literature by presenting stored or dynamically generated URLs to ChemPort. Conversely, ChemPort will link a user to SciFinder to provide access to the CAS databases. 

Scientific, and especially chemical, information is becoming increasingly available on the Internet. This has the advantage that the information is accessible to other users. Additionally, the data formats (HTML, PDF, GIF, etc.) that are used are restricted to the most important ones to provide standards that are readable worldwide. Unfortunately, however, much of the information on the Internet is not reviewed or verified by other organizations as is the case in the primary literature. Thus, the quality of the information is extremely variable. 

References to the primary literature are provided for specific issues of structure, reactivity, and mechanism. These have been chosen to illustrate the topic of discussion and, of course, cannot be comprehensive. The examples and references chosen do not imply any priority of concept or publication. References to general reviews which can provide a broader coverage of the various topics are usually given. 

For consistency, the products are drawn as the quinolin-2-ol or quinolin-4-ol, regardless of how they were drawn in the primary literature. 

Two appendices are included at the end of this chapter. The first is intended to serve as a reminder, for those of you who might need it, of the nomendature and representation of stereoisomers. The second appendix contains descriptions of various chemo-enzymatic methods of amino acid production. This appendix has been constructed largely from the recent primary literature and includes many new advances in the field. It is not necessary for you to consult the appendix to satisfy the learning objectives of the chapter, rather the information is provided to illustrate the extensive range of methodology assodated with chemo-enzymatic approaches to amino add production. It is therefore available for those of you who may wish to extend your knowledge in this area. Where available, data derived from die literature are used to illustrate methods and to discuss economic aspects of large-scale production. 

Producing a book like this is impossible without access to the primary literature, for which I am mainly indebted to the Chemistry Department of the University of Cambridge, and to Mrs Cheryl Cook in particular. 

The primary literature has grown so much in recent years that attempts have been made to reduce the volume. One such attempt is the Journal of Chemical Research, begun in 1977. The main section of this journal, called the Synopses , publishes synopses, which are essentially long abstracts, with references. The full texts of most of the papers are published only in microfiche and miniprint versions. For some years, the American Chemical Society journals, including J. Am. Chem. Soc. and J. Org. Chem., have provided supplementary material for some of their papers. This material is available from the Microforms and Back Issues Office at the ACS Washington office, either on microfiche or as a photocopy. These practices have not yet succeeded in substantially reducing the total volume of the world s primary chemical literature. 

Contains 20,000 valuable, selected references to the primary literature—5,000 new to this edition... 

The number of references that are cited is necessarily restrictive and, althongh nnmerons, they represent merely an eclectic selection from a vast literatnre. Relevant references have no doubt been omitted, but the writers can assure the authors of these that there is no malice in the selection. They invariably refer to the primary literature that has been snbjected to the scrutiny of peer review. It is therefore assured that even when the interpretations of the authors should prove faulty—and this is inevitable—a solid and reprodncible basis of fact is available to the critical reader. Some older work has been cited when this has led to lasting concepts, though other early work may be difficult to evaluate by the standards of today and no doubt work at the cutting edge of cnrrent research will rightly require modification and extension in the future. 

In 1972 Walton et al. [32] modeled the drug literature as a pyramid with the primary literature forming the base of the pyramid, the secondary literature interfacing and serving as a bridge from the primary literature to reference works (tertiary literature). Reference works (tertiary literature) are the capstone of the pyramid and represent the smallest portion of the total literature volume. 

The primary literature contains the first written accounts of original research. In terms of size, the primary literature is probably larger than either the secondary or tertiary literature. 

Prior to formal publication of the research, the work may be presented as a paper or poster at a professional meeting or conference. Although some professional societies and associations do publish abstracts of papers presented at their conferences in their journals, papers and posters tend to have relatively small exposure and may never appear in the broadly published primary literature. Likewise,... 

Tertiary publications, as described by Sewell [52] in Guide to Drug Information, are those publications that are the furthest removed from the literature of original research. The tertiary literature is a distillation and evaluation of data and information first presented in such primary literature sources as research reports, meeting presentations, and journal articles. Being furthest removed from the primary report, the tertiary literature characteristically is the least current and the most vulnerable to misinterpretations, biases, and inaccuracies. But just as characteristic, the tertiary literature is the most accessible, easiest to use, and perhaps the most used of all information resources. Information searches generally start with a perusal of... 

Research done in an academic setting generally results in a formal publication that appears in the primary literature. The research results contained in dissertations may or may not be published separately. Dissertations are catalogued and placed on the shelves of the student s university. Many universities now have electronic catalogues that allow searching from remote sites. Dissertations are also indexed by commercial organizations (see below). 

The subject matter covered in this chapter is a complex science. Active research in the field continues to develop new understanding and theories to replace the old. It is important for the interested reader to consult the primary literature in the polymer and materials sciences in order to build on the foundation provided in this chapter. 

All chemical shift data presented in this book come either from the primary literature or from spectra obtained in the author s laboratory. All spectra actually depicted in the book derive from spectra obtained by the author at the University of Florida. All data from the literature were obtained via searches using MDL Crossfire Commander or SciFinder Scholar. Persons interested in accessing such primary literature can do so readily via these databases by simply searching for the specific compound mentioned in the text. 

Spin-spin coupling constants will be reported throughout this book as absolute values of l/l in hertz, and they have all been obtained either from the primary literature or from spectra obtained in the author s laboratory. 

As is now common practice, H NMR spectra (NMR - nuclear magnetic resonance) have been recorded on most examples of the fused heterocyclic rings mentioned in later sections in this chapter, and as such the primary literature is replete with the data for these and should be consulted directly. 

As for H NMR spectroscopy, the same applies for 13C NMR spectroscopy, in that this is now routinely carried out for most organic heterocyclic compounds and as such, the primary literature should be consulted for the examples outlined later in this chapter. 

As is common practice, along with NMR spectra, mass spectra of new compounds are routinely recorded. However, as stated, azoniaspiroalkanes are not always isolated and thus little of this data exists. The reader is refered to the primary literature for specific examples (see CHEC-II). 

There are no particularly useful infrared absorptions for azoniaspiroalkanes. The reader is referred to CHEC-II(1996) <1996CHEC-II(8)1109> and the primary literature for specific examples. 

Cross-coupling to form carbon heteroatom bonds occurs by oxidative addition of an organic halide, generation of an aryl- or vinylpalladium amido, alkoxo, tholato, phosphido, silyl, stannyl, germyl, or boryl complex, and reductive elimination (Scheme 2). The relative rates and thermodynamics of the individual steps and the precise structure of the intermediates depend on the substrate and catalyst. A full discussion of the mechanism for each type of substrate and each catalyst is beyond the scope of this review. However, a series of reviews and primary literature has begun to provide information on the overall catalytic process.18,19,22,23,77,186... 

The sources of the facts and structural data cited and discussed above are multifareous. Rather than provide the usual reference list that might run to a great length, suffice it to say that all of the pertinent primary literature can be located through Advanced Inorganic Chemistry by Cotton and Wilkinson,... 

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