Poultry, amino acid content

Oily fishmeal is allowed in organic rations and it has an even higher essential amino acid content than full-fat soya. However, its use in poultry rations is limited partly by cost, restrictions on the source of the fishmeal imposed by organic standards, the fact that some customers demand birds that are fed on a vegetable-based diet and concerns about fishy taints to the product (Walker and Gordon, 2001). 

J. Fontaine, J. Horr, B. Schirmer. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy enables the fast and accurate prediction of the essential amino acids content in soy, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, peas, fishmeal, meat meal products and poultry meal. JAgric Food Chem 49 57-66, 2001. 

T. van Kempen, J. Ch. Bodin. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) appears to be superior to nitrogen-based regression as a rapid tool in predicting the poultry digestibility amino acid content of commonly used feedstulFs. Anim Feed Sci Tech 76 139-147,1998. 

NUTRITIVE QUALITIES OF POULTRY MEAT. Poul try meat htis a number of desirable nutritional properties. Chicken and turkey meat is higher in quality protein and lower in fat than b f and pork. Additionally, the protein is a rich source of all the essential amino acids. The close resemblance of the amino acid content of poultry meat to the amino acid profiles of milk and eggs serves to emphasize the latter point... 

Pea.nuts, The proteins of peanuts are low in lysine, threonine, cystine plus methionine, and tryptophan when compared to the amino acid requirements for children but meet the requirements for adults (see Table 3). Peanut flour can be used to increase the nutritive value of cereals such as cornmeal but further improvement is noted by the addition of lysine (71). The trypsin inhibitor content of raw peanuts is about one-fifth that of raw soybeans, but this concentration is sufficient to cause hypertrophy (enlargement) of the pancreas in rats. The inhibitors of peanuts are largely inactivated by moist heat treatment (48). As for cottonseed, peanuts are prone to contamination by aflatoxin. FDA regulations limit aflatoxin levels of peanuts and meals to 100 ppb for breeding beef catde, breeding swine, or poultry 200 ppb for finishing swine 300 ppb for finishing beef catde 20 ppb for immature animals and dairy animals and 20 ppb for humans. 

Mitaru, B.N., Reichert, R.D. and Blair, R. (1985) Protein and amino acid digestibilities for chickens of reconstituted and boiled sorghum grains varying in tannin contents. Poultry Science 64, 101-106. 

Earthworms are a natural feed source for poultry kept under free-range systems and, live or dried, are highly palatable to poultry. Meal made from earthworms contains about 600g/kg CP, with an amino acid composition comparable to that of fishmeal (Ravindran and Blair, 1983). It can replace fishmeal in chick and layer diets but care must be taken to balance the dietary calcium and phosphorus contents, since these minerals are low in earthworms due to the absence of an exoskeleton. Moreover, earthworms are known to accumulate toxic residues, particularly heavy metals and agrochemicals. 

Alcohol is distilled up to a content of 96% in one or more stages. About 1 % of ethanol consists of fusel oils (degradation products of amino acids) which can be used as solvents for lacquers and resins. Solids from the processed liquor containing proteins, carbohydrates, mineral salts, riboflavin and other vitamins are used in poultry, swine and cattle feeds. C02 and H2 produced in butanol-acetone-butyric acid production can be used for the chemical synthesis of methanol and ammonia, or are burned. 

Protein is the major nutrient followed by the content of carbohydrate. All the essential amino acids are contained in the cells and the high content of linoleic acid which is the essential fatty acid was found. Nutritional composition of Chlorella sp. UKOOl suggested usefulness of the cells as feed for poultry or swine. 

Soybean proteins are widely used as food additives in European derived societies, primarily in processed foods, and this trend continues to grow annually. This makes soybean proteins a pervasive component of the human diet in industrialized countries. Solvent extracted soybean meal is also widely used as an animal feed additive (ref. 5, for review), because it is an inexpensive source of high quality protein that contains more of essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan than most cereal crops. Combined with corn, the other primary feed grain used in the United States, a ration can be assembled that is adequate in both sulfur amino acid and lysine contents, and provides a high protein diet that is well balanced for poultry and pigs. 

Lysine is one of the important amino acids with respect to production volume and annual growth rates. The single largest application of lysine is in the animal feed industry as it is the limiting amino acid while optimizing the growth and production of lean meat in cattle and poultry. The normal quantity of lysine in conventional feed stuff is usually lower than that required by animals. The direct addition of lysine increases the protein content of the feed and lowers the use of high protein feed and hence lowers the ammonia content in the excreta. 

The quality of dietary protein is indicated by stating the contents of all of the essential amino acids or of those most likely to be in deficit. Practical pig and poultry diets are based largely on cereals, and assessment of foods as sources of protein for such animals is a matter of measuring their ability to supplement the amino acid... 

Requirements for essential amino acids in poultry and pigs have been devised, and some of these are presented in Appendix 2, Tables A2.9 and A2.10. However, there are considerable complications associated with defining amino add requirements because of interactions between the essential amino acids, between essential and non-essential amino acids, and between amino acids and other nutrients. In chicks, the requirement for glycine is increased by low concentrations of methionine, arginine or B vitamins. Similarly, one amino acid may be converted to another. For example, if cystine or its metabolically active form cysteine is deficient in the diet, it can be synthesised by the animal from methionine. The requirement for methionine is therefore partly dependent on the cystine (or cysteine) content of the diet, and the two amino acids are often considered together (i.e. the requirement is stated for cystine -I- methionine). It should be noted, however, that the two are not mutually interconvertible methionine is not synthesised from cystine and therefore part of the total requirement must always be met by methionine. Phenylalanine and tyrosine have a similar relationship, and in the chick glycine and serine are interconvertible. 

Pig and poultry diets based on cereals and vegetable protein sources are now routinely supplemented with L-lysine hydrochloride (supplying 780 g lysine/kg), dl-methionine and L-threonine. A diet for a finishing pig, which has to contain 10 g lysine/kg, required a combination of 750 g barley and 250 g soya bean meal/kg, and this mix has a crude protein content of 185 g/kg (see Appendix 2, Table A.2.2.2). With the inclusion of 2 g of lysine hydrochloride, the same lysine content can be achieved with a mix of 808 g barley and 190 g soya bean meal, and the protein content is reduced to 165 g/kg. Such reductions in crude protein content have maintained a balanced supply of amino acids and resulted in improved rates of liveweight gain and food conversion efficiency. It is important that the supplementary acids are not used excessively to satisfy the animal s requirements, since this may bring about an undersupply of other essential amino acids. 

J.O., 1975, Effect of tannin content and dry matter digestion on energy utilization and average amino acid availability on hybrid sorghum grains. Poultry Sci., 54 1620. 

Imitation foods or analogs—High prices for such staple foods as fruit juices, milk, ice cream, butter, meats, and poultry, along with the concern over the cholesterol and fat content of certain of these foods, have stimulated the development of imitation products or analogs. These products are made from lower-cost materials, like soybean derivatives, and they are usually fortified with minerals, vitamins, and amino acids so eis to be nutritionally equivalent to the items which they are designed to replace in the diet... 

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