Poultry meal

In the United States, more than 16.3 x 10 kg of human-inedible raw materials are available each year, and the rendering industry is a valuable asset in diverting these into valuable ingredients for use primarily in animal foods (4). The three largest meat packers are responsible for nearly four-fifths of aU red meat production (5) and enormous amounts of rendered meat meal and animal fat. Three broiler producers account for about 40% of the total broiler production. American Proteins, Inc. (RosweU, Georgia), the world s largest processor of poultry by-products, produces more than 450,000 t of poultry meal, feather meal, and poultry fat each year. It also produces more than 100,000 t of fish meal, fish oil, and fish products each year. Pish meal production worldwide in 1986 was estimated at 6.23 x 10 t, which with the 125 x 10 t of meat and bone meal plus 6.67 x 10 t of feather meal and poultry by-product meal (6) is the primary source of animal proteins used by the pet food industry. 

Poultry meal, 10 852 Poultry production, 10 836 Pourbaix diagram, 7 800-801 Pour depressants, 15 225 Povidone-iodine compounds... 

Earthworms are a natural feed source for poultry kept under free-range systems and, live or dried, are highly palatable to poultry. Meal made from earthworms contains about 600g/kg CP, with an amino acid composition comparable to that of fishmeal (Ravindran and Blair, 1983). It can replace fishmeal in chick and layer diets but care must be taken to balance the dietary calcium and phosphorus contents, since these minerals are low in earthworms due to the absence of an exoskeleton. Moreover, earthworms are known to accumulate toxic residues, particularly heavy metals and agrochemicals. 

Figure 13.6 Analysis of mixtures of vegetal feed, mammals meal, poultry meal and fish meal by NIR imaging. NIR image at 1380 nm. From Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, Belgium.

Figure 43. A, bright-field image of cattle feed contaminated with 1% poultry meal. B, NIR spectra of cattle feed and poultry meal. C, results of a PLS prediction showing the pixels assigned to cattle feed (blue) and the pixels assigned to poultry meal (red).

Figure 8.3.2 shows the mean spectra of meat and bone meal, poultry meal, and fishmeal. The most relevant spectra feaures were observed around 1500 nm (O-H and N-H overtones), mainly related with water (moisture) and protein content ... 

J. Fontaine, J. Horr, B. Schirmer. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy enables the fast and accurate prediction of the essential amino acids content in soy, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, peas, fishmeal, meat meal products and poultry meal. JAgric Food Chem 49 57-66, 2001. 

Figure 18.5 shows the mean spectrum of pure poultry meals (n = 56), pure pork meals (n = 16), pure cattle meals n = 1), cattle-poultry meal mixture (n = 1), cattle-pork meal mixture (n = 3), poultry-pork meal mixture (n = 3), blood meal ( = 1), fish meal (n =8), hydrolyzed feather meal (n = 1), feather meal n = 1), and cattle-sheep-pork and poultry meal mixtures (n = 189). There are visible differences in the region 1680 to 1760 nm that may be the basis for differentiating among the different types of protein animal meals [11]. 

Seed-Meal Concentrates and Isolates. Seed-meal protein products include flours, concentrates, and isolates, particularly soy protein products. These can be used as extenders for meat, seafood, poultry, eggs, or cheese (see Soybeans and other oilseeds). Detailed information on soybean and other seed-meal production processes is available (13,14,18). 

Free substitution of protein meals ia feeds is much more restricted than interchange of oils ia foods. Because of a good balance of essential amino acids, soybean meal is an indispensable ingredient for efficient feeding of nonmminants, eg, poultry and swine. Soybeans provide ca 60% of the world s protein meals, including fish meal (Table 14). Of the 30.0 x 10 t of soybean meal produced in the United States in 1994—1995, 24.2 x 10 t was used domestically, primarily in feeds, and 5.7 x 10 t was exported (50). In the United States, poultry consume the largest share of soybean meal, followed by swine. Lesser amounts are fed to beef and dairy catde. Soybean meal is a principal ingredient in many pet foods (see Feeds and feed additives). 

Contamination of cottonseed by aflatoxins is a perennial concern. The FDA limits the amount of aflatoxin in cottonseed meal intended for beef catde, swine, and poultry to 300 ppb and for dairy catde the limit is 20 ppb. 

Pea.nuts, The proteins of peanuts are low in lysine, threonine, cystine plus methionine, and tryptophan when compared to the amino acid requirements for children but meet the requirements for adults (see Table 3). Peanut flour can be used to increase the nutritive value of cereals such as cornmeal but further improvement is noted by the addition of lysine (71). The trypsin inhibitor content of raw peanuts is about one-fifth that of raw soybeans, but this concentration is sufficient to cause hypertrophy (enlargement) of the pancreas in rats. The inhibitors of peanuts are largely inactivated by moist heat treatment (48). As for cottonseed, peanuts are prone to contamination by aflatoxin. FDA regulations limit aflatoxin levels of peanuts and meals to 100 ppb for breeding beef catde, breeding swine, or poultry 200 ppb for finishing swine 300 ppb for finishing beef catde 20 ppb for immature animals and dairy animals and 20 ppb for humans. 

Additive (dried flower meal or solvent extract) to poultry feed, to enhance the yellow color of flesh and egg yolks minor use of extract as food colorant typical applications salad dressings, ice cream, dairy products, other foods with high fat contents, soft drinks, bakery products, jams and confectionery... 

Birds eat sufficient food to satisfy their energy intake, but this does not mean that they will eat enough protein, unless the protein proportion in the rotation is high. Protein quality is also important, the two most essential amino acids being lysine and methionine. The best quality protein for all poultry is white fishmeal (banned only for ruminants by the Soil Association). The best vegetable protein is soya bean which is low in methionine, but this can be made up by using sunflower meal in the ration. 

As has been pointed out earlier in this chapter, the dietary consumption and historical medicinal use of carotenoids has been well documented. In the modern age, in addition to crocin, 3.7, and norbixin, 3.8, several carotenoids have become extremely important commercially. These include, in particular, astaxanthin, 3.6 (fish, swine, and poultry feed, and recently human nutritional supplements) lutein, 3.4, and zeaxanthin, 3.3 (animal feed and poultry egg production, human nutritional supplements) and lycopene, 3.2 (human nutritional supplements). The inherent lipophilicity of these compounds has limited their potential applications as hydrophilic additives without significant formulation efforts in the diet, the lipid content of the meal increases the absorption of these nutrients, however, parenteral administration to potentially effective therapeutic levels requires separate formulation that is sometimes ineffective or toxic (Lockwood et al. 2003). 

Diet plays a significant role because iron is poorly absorbed from vegetables, grain products, dairy products, and eggs iron is best absorbed from meat, fish, and poultry. Administration of iron therapy with a meal decreases absorption by more than 50% but may be needed to improve tolerability. 

Figure 1 Amounts of dust (mg/m3) in the air of poultry houses during different activities from CERMAK and ROSS (27). A=background dust level, B = meal feeding (trolley), C=meal feeding (hoppers), D=egg collecting, E=muck removal (belt), F=cleaning operations.

Most of the pilchards and herring-like fish nourish man indirectly. These fish are mainly used as fish meal which is used, in turn to feed poultry and livestock especially pigs (15). 

DETAILS - Aflatoxins are the poisonous product of a group of polynuclear molds that grow on peanuts, com and in cottonseed meal. They are responsible for the Turkey X" disease which occasionally devastates the poultry industry. The presence of the mold doesn t always indicate presence of the toxin. Toxin production is dependent on various factors such as moisture and temperature. There are two basic types of aflatoxins, both of which are fluorescent under UV (black) light. Once the mold has been identified, the UVI ight is an excellent way to check for toxin production. Aflatoxin B glows blue, while Aflatoxm G glows... 

Extruded polystyrene foam sheet is primarily produced in a single screw tandem extrusion line. Primary application of foam sheet is as a packaging material in items such as disposable dishes and food containers, trays for meal, poultry and produce products, and egg canons. 

Z. Yi, E. T. Kornegay, V. Ravindran, and D. M. Denbow, Improving phytate phosphorus availability in corn and soybean meal for broilers using microbial phytase and calculation of phosphorus equivalency values for phytase, Poultry Sci. 1996c, 75, 240-249. 

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